Earth Lab : Exploring the Earth Sciences Lab Manual Book

SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION. Introduction: The Scientific Method. Organization of This Book. The Scientific Method. Special Features of the Earth Sciences. Apply the Scientific Method to Your Own Life. Lab 1: Introduction to Maps. Types of Maps. Map Legend. Scale. Global Location System: Latitude and Longitude. Map Grids and Orientation. Projections. U.S. Geological Survey Maps. Global Positioning System (GPS). SECTION 2: THE SOLID EARTH. Lab 2: Physical Properties of Minerals. Definition of a Mineral. Types of Physical Properties Shown by Minerals. Determining the Properties of Minerals. Lab 3: Rock-Forming Minerals. Mineral Identification and Recognition. Use of the Mineral Identification Tables. Classification of Minerals. Geologic Resources and Minerals. Lab 4: Igneous Rocks. Mineralogical and Chemical Composition. Textures of Igneous Rocks. Classification and Identification of Igneous Rocks. Lab 5: Sedimentary Rocks. Formation of Sedimentary Rocks. Sedimentary Environments. Clastic Sedimentary Rocks. Biochemical and Chemical Sedimentary Rocks. Identification and Description of Sedimentary Rocks. Lab 6: Metamorphic Rocks. Textures of Metamorphic Rocks. Composition of Metamorphic Rocks. Types of Metamorphism. Temperature and Pressure. Classification of Metamorphic Rocks. Lab 7: Rock Masses. Introduction to Geologic Maps and Cross Sections. Sedimentary Rock Masses. Igneous Rock Masses. Metamorphic Rock Masses. Structures and Deformation. Rocks in a Cross Section. Lab 8: Geologic Time and Geologic History. Relative Age. Geologic History. Numerical Dating. Geologic Time Scale. Lab 9: Earth's Structure and Plate Tectonics. The Structure of the Earth. Divergent Plate Boundaries and Transform Faults. Convergence, Subduction, and Mountain Building. Geometric Fit of Continents. Lab 10: Earthquakes and Seismology. Earthquake Hazards. The Origin of Earthquakes. Seismic Waves. Magnitude. Locating an Earthquake. SECTION 3: EARTH's SURFACE AND THE FLUID EARTH. Lab 11: Topographic Maps. Topography and Contours. Topographic Profiles. Using and Constructing Topographic Maps. Air Photos Give a View of the Third Dimension. Lab 12: Shorelines and Oceans. The Edge of the Oceans. Shorelines. Ocean Currents. Ocean Salinity. Nutrients in Seawater. El Nino - La Nina. Lab 13: Groundwater and Karst Topopgraphy. Porosity. Permeability and Flow Rate. Water Table, Groundwater Flow, and Wells. Groundwater Causes Erosion by Solution. Lab 14: Streams and Rivers. Stream Gradient. Stream Erosion: Downward or Sideways? Lab 15: Wind and the Atmosphere. Coriolis Effect. Global Winds. Humidity. Weather. Atmospheric Chemistry. Greenhouse Effect. Ozone Layer. SECTION 4: RESOURCES. Lab 16: Geologic Maps. What is Shown on a Geologic Map. Folds on Geologic Maps. Faults on Geologic Maps. Unconformities on Geologic Maps. Igneous Contacts on Geologic Maps. Drawing a Cross Section. Making Geologic Maps from Field Investigations: A Simulation. Lab 17: Resources. Fossil Fuels as Resources. Carbon Cycle. Mineral Resources. Glossary.