College Physics Book

1. INTRODUCTION: PHYSICAL QUANTITIES, UNITS, AND MATHEMATICAL OVERVIEW Physics: An Introduction / Physical Quantities and Units / Measurement, Accuracy, and Uncertainty; Scientific Figures / Exponents / Scientific Notation and Powers of 10 / Logarithms / The Rules of Algebra / Angles, Triangles, and Simple Trigonometry 2. KINEMATICS Displacement / Time, Velocity, and Speed / Acceleration / Motion Equations for Constant Acceleration in One Dimension / Problem-Solving Basics / Falling Objects / Graphical Analysis of One-Dimensional Motion 3. TWO-DIMENSIONAL KINEMATICS Kinematics in Two Dimensions: An Introduction / Vector Definitions and Graphical Methods of Vector Addition and Subtraction / Analytical Methods of Vector Addition and Subtraction / Projectile Motion / Addition of Velocities 4. DYNAMICS: NEWTON''S LAWS OF MOTION Force: The Concept / Newton''s First Law of Motion: Mass / Newton''s Second Law of Motion: Concept of a System / Newton''s Third Law of Motion: Symmetry / Weight, Friction, Tension, and Other Classes of Forces / The Four Basic Forces: An Introduction / Further Applications of Newton''s Law of Motion: Problem-Solving Strategies 5. STATICS, TORQUE, AND ELASTICITY The First Condition for Equilibrium / The Second Condition for Equilibrium / Center of Mass; Center of Gravity / Stability / Applications of Statics, Including Problem-Solving Strategies / Simple Machines / Forces and Torques in Muscles and Joints / Elasticity: Stress and Strain 6. WORK, ENERGY, AND POWER / Work: The Scientific Definition / Kinetic Energy and the Work-Energy Theorem / Gravitational Potential Energy / Conservative Forces and Potential Energy / Nonconservative Forces: Open Systems / Conservation of Energy / Power / Work, Energy, and Power in Humans; Introduction to Efficiency 7. LINEAR MOMENTUM Linear Momentum and Force / Impulse / Conservation of Momentum / Elastic Collisions in One Dimension / Inelastic Collisions in One Dimension / Collisions of Point Masses in Two Dimensions / Introduction to Rocket Propulsion 8. UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION AND GRAVITATION Rotation Angle and Angular Velocity / Centripetal Acceleration / Centripetal Force / Fictitious Forces and Noninertial Frames: The Coriolis Force / Newton''s Universal Law of Gravitation / Satellites and Kepler''s Laws: An Argument for Simplicity 9. ROTATIONAL MOTION AND ANGULAR MOMENTUM Angular Acceleration / Kinematics of Rotational Motion / Dynamics of Rotational Motion: Rotational Interia / Rotation Kinetic Energy: Work-Energy Revisited / Angular Momentum and Its Conservation / Collisions of Extended Bodies in Two Dimensions: A Brief Treatment of Things that Go Bump and Spin / Gyroscopic Effects: Vector Aspects of Angular Momentum 10. FLUID STATICS What is a Fluid? / Density / Pressure / Variation of Pressure with Depth in a Fluid / Pascal's Principle / Gauge Pressure, Absolute Pressure, and Pressure Measurement / Archimedes'' Principle: Buoyant Force, Density Measurement, and Why Some Things Float / Cohesion and Adhesion in Liquids: Surface Tension and Capillary Action / Pressures in the Body and Their Measurement 11. FLUID DYNAMICS Flow Rate and Its Relation to Velocity / Bernoulli''s Equation / The Most General Applications of Bernoulli''s Equation / Viscosity and Laminar Flow: Poiseuille''s Law / The Onset of Turbulence / Motion of an Object in a Viscous Fluids / Molecular Transport Phenomena: Diffusion, Osmosis, and Related Processes 12. TEMPERATURE, KINETIC THEORY, AND THE GAS LAWS Temperature / Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids / The Ideal Gas Law / Kinetic Theory: Molecular Explanation of Pressure and Temperature / Phase Changes / Humidity, Evaporation, and Boiling 13. HEAT AND TRANSFER METHODS Heat / Temperature Change and Specific Heat / Phase Change and Latent Heat / Introduction to Heat Transfer Methods / Conduction / Convection / Radiation 14. THERMODYNAMICS The First Law of Thermodynamics / The First Law and Some Simple Processes / Introduction to the Second Law of Thermodynamics: Heat Engines and Their Efficiency / Carnot''s Perfect Heat Engine: The Second Law of Thermodynamics Restated / Heat Pumps and Refrigerators / Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics: Disorder and the Unavailability of Energy / Statistical Interpretation of Entropy and the Second Law: The Underlying Explanation 15. OSCILLATORY MOTION AND WAVES Hooke''s Law: Stress and Strain Recalled / Period and Frequency in Oscillations / Simple Harmonic Motion: A Special Periodic Motion / The Simple Pendulum / Energy and the Simple Harmonic Oscillator / Uniform Circular Motion and Simple Harmonic Motion / Damped Harmonic Motion / Forced Oscillations and Resonance / Waves / Superpositions and Interference / Energy in Waves: Intensity 16. SOUND AND HEARING Sound / Speed of Sound, Frequency, and Wavelength / Sound Intensity and Sound Level / Doppler Effect and Sonic Booms / Sound Interference and Resonance: Standing Waves in Air Columns / Hearing / Ultrasound 17. ELECTRIC CHARGE AND ELECTRIC FIELD Static Electricity and Charge: Conservation of Charge / Conductors and Insulators: Charging by Contact and by Induction / Coulomb''s Law / Electric Field: Concept of a Field Revisited / Electric Field Lines: Multiple Charges / Conductors and Electric Fields in Static Equilibrium / Applications of Electrostatics 18. ELECTRIC POTENTIAL AND ELECTRIC ENERGY Electric Potential Energy: Potential Difference / Electric Potential in a Uniform Electric Field / Electric Potential Due to a Point Charge / Equipotential Lines / Capacitors and Dielectrics / Capacitors in Series and Parallel / Energy Stored in Capacitors 19. ELECTRIC CURRENT, RESISTANCE, AND OHM''S LAW Current / Ohm''s Law: Resistance and Simple Circuits / Resistance and Resistivity / Electric Power and Energy / Alternating Current versus Direct Current / Electric Hazards, Thermal and Shock / Nerve Conduction 20. CIRCUITS AND DC INSTRUMENTS Resistors in Series and Parallel / Electromotive Force: Terminal Voltage / Kirchhoff''s Rules / DC Voltmeters and Ammeters / Null Measurements / DC Circuits Containing Resistors and Capacitors 21. MAGNETISM Magnets / Ferromagnets and Electromagnets: Underlying Currents / Magnetic Fields and Magnetic Field Lines / Magnetic Field Strength B: Force on a Moving Charge in a Magnetic Field / Force on a Moving Charge in a Magnetic Field: Examples and Applications / The Hall Effect / Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor / Torque on a Current Loop: Motors and Meters / Magnetic Fields Produced by Currents: Ampere''s Law / Magnetic Force between Two Parallel Conductors / Even More Applications of Magnetism 22. INDUCTION: AC CIRCUITS AND INSTRUMENTS Induced emf and Magnetic Flux / Faraday''s Law of Induction: Lenz''s Law / Motional emf / Eddy Currents and Magnetic Damping / Electric Generators / Back emf / Transformers / Electrical Safety: Systems and Devices / Inductance / RL Circuits / Reactance, Inductive and Capacitive / RLC Series AC Circuits 23. ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES Maxwell's Equations: Electromagnetic Waves Predicted and Observed / Production of Electromagnetic Waves / The Electromagnetic Spectrum / Energy in Electromagnetic Waves 24. GEOMETRIC OPTICS The Ray Aspect of Light / The Law of Reflection / The Law of Refraction / Total Internal Reflection / Dispersion: The Rainbow and Prisms / Image Formation by Lenses / Image Formation by Mirrors / Multiples Lenses and Mirrors / The Eye and Vision Correction / Color and Color Vision 25. WAVE OPTICS The Wave Aspect of Light: Interference / Huygens''s Principle: Diffraction / Young''s Double Slit Experiment / Multiple Slit Diffraction / Single Slit Diffraction / Limits of Resolution: The Rayleigh Criterion / Thin Film Interference / Polarization / Microscopy Enhanced by the Wave Characteristics of Light 26. SPECIAL RELATIVITY Einstein''s Postulates / Time Dilation and Simultaneity / Length Contraction / Relativistic Addition of Velocities / Relativistic Momentum / Relativistic Energy 27. INTRODUCTION TO QUANTUM MECHANICS: THE PARTICLE-WAVE DUALITY Quantization of Energy / The Photoelectric Effect / Photons / Photon Momentum / The Particle-Wave Duality / The Wave Nature of Matter / Probability: The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle / The Particle-Wave Duality Reviewed 28. ATOMIC PHYSICS Discovery of the Atom / Discovery of the Parts of the Atom: Electrons and Nuclei / Bohr''s Theory of the Hydrogen Atom / The Wave Nature of Matter Causes Quantization / Patterns in Spectra Reveal More Quantization / Quantum Numbers and Rules / The Pauli Exclusion Principle / X Rays: Atomic Origins and Applications / Applications of Atomic Excitations and Deexcitations 29. RADIOACTIVITY AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS Nuclear Radioactivity / Radiation Detection and Detectors / Substructure of the Nucleus / Nuclear Decay and Conservation Laws / Half-Life and Activity / Binding Energy / Tunneling 30. APPLICATIONS OF NUCLEAR PHYSICS Medical Imaging and Diagnostics / Fusion / Fission / Nuclear Weapons / Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation / Therapeutic Uses of Ionizing Radiation / Food Irradiation 31. PARTICLE PHYSICS The Yukawa Particle and the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle Revisited / The Four Basic Forces / Accelerators Create Matter from Energy / Particles, Patterns, and Conservation Laws / Quarks—-Is That All There Is? / GUTs, the Unification of Forces 32. FRONTIERS OF PHYSICS Cosmology and Particle Physics / General Relativity and Quantum Gravity / Superstrings / Dark Matter and Closure / Complexity and Chaos / High-Temperature Superconductors / Some Questions We Know to Ask / APPENDIX A: ATOMIC MASSES / APPENDIX B: SELECTED RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES / GLOSSARY / ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED PROBLEMS / INDEX / CREDITS