American Direct Primary: Party Institutionalization and Transformation in the American North Book

	Tables
	Abbreviations
	Preface and Acknowledgments
1	Introduction	1
1	Patterns of Social Division and/or Political Ideology	2
2	Political Culture	5
3	Governmental Decentralization	12
4	Explaining the Rise of the Direct Primary	15
5	North and South	18
6	Institutionalization of the Parties	20
7	Organization of the Book	25
2	The Catalytic Effect of Ballot Reform	31
1	The Adoption of the Australian Ballot	31
2	Informal Procedures and the Problems of Scale	32
3	Reformers' Promotion of the Australian Ballot	39
4	Variants of the Australian Ballot in the United States	41
5	The Positions of Reformers and Parties in Relation to the Type of Ballot Used	43
6	The Weakness of Opposition to the Australian Ballot	45
7	Success and Failure for Antiparty Reformers	47
8	Ballot Reform and Interparty Competition	51
3	Legal Control of Party Activity	57
1	Candidate Selection in the Nineteenth Century	57
2	The Problems with the Caucus-Convention System	63
3	The Impact of the Australian Ballot	77
4	The 1898 National Conference	81
5	Why Legal Controls over Parties were Introduced	84
6	Did Legal Control Turn Parties into Public Utilities?	90
4	The Spread of Direct Nominations	95
1	The Rising Popularity of the Crawford County System	97
2	The Rural and Midwestern Base of Direct Elections	100
3	The Impact of the Southern Experience	102
4	Direct Nominations Move to the City: Cleveland	105
5	Statewide Legislation and the Direct Primary: Kentucky	108
6	The Legally Mandated Direct Primary in Minneapolis, 1899	110
7	The States Convert to Direct Primaries, 1903-1915	117
8	Insurgency and Party Reform in Wisconsin	124
5	Reformers versus Urban Machines?	131
1	Massachusetts	132
2	Pennsylvania	138
3	Missouri	145
4	Illinois	150
5	New York	154
6	The Impact of Party Competition	162
1	Competition in the United States before the Mid-1890s	163
2	Party Competition after the Mid-1890s	168
3	Why the Democrats were Disadvantaged	176
4	Changes in Party Competition and the Rise of the Direct Primary	178
5	Competition as a Stimulant to Nomination Reform	180
6	Party Competition and Political Exclusion: Southern New England	183
7	Political Reform and the Direct Primary in Connecticut	189
7	Explaining an "Irrational" Reform	196
1	The Constraint Imposed by Public Opinion	199
2	Reformers and the Invention of a "Solution"	203
3	Consensus over the Direct Primary: The Case of New Jersey	211
4	Could the Parties Have Done More to Protect Themselves?	214
8	Reaction and Aftermath	227
1	Reaction Against the Direct Primary	227
2	The State of the Parties in 1930	231
3	The Delayed Impact of the Direct Primary	242
4	Changes in the Direct Primary Since the 1920s	246
5	The Direct Primary and the Presidential Primary	248
9	Conclusions	255
	Index	265