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Preface ix
List of units xi
List of conversion factors xiii
List of abbreviations xv
1 Introduction 1
Part I Climate 7
2 Greenhouse Earth 9
Technical Note 2.1 The science of the greenhouse effect 13
3 Climate modeling 16
3.1 Introduction 16
3.2 The first climate models 16
3.3 Climate change goes big time 18
3.4 The big problem: lifecycle of greenhouse gases 20
3.5 The global carbon cycle 21
Technical Note 3.1 Other greenhouse gases 24
Technical Note 3.2 Geoengineering 25
4 The past as proxy for the future 27
4.1 A short tour through 4.5 billion years 27
4.2 The past 400 000 years 28
4.3 The recent past 30
5 Predicting the future 34
5.1 Who does it? 34
5.2 How is it done? 36
5.3 Results 40
5.4 Where are we? 44
Part II Energy 47
6 Talking up arms against this sea of troubles 49
6.1 Introduction 49
6.2 Energy now and in the future 50
Market exchange and PPP 54
6.3 Emission targets 55
Technical Note 6.1 Carbon dioxide equivalents 58
7 How fast to move: a physicist's look at the economists 60
8 Energy, emissions, and action 65
8.1 Setting the stage 65
8.2 Sources of emissions 66
Energy and greenhouse emission from fossil fuels 68
8.3 Reducing emissions 69
8.4 No silver bullets 71
8.5 Winners and losers 73
9 Fossil fuels - how much is there? 75
9.1 World oil reserves 76
9.2 World gas reserves 79
9.3 World coal 81
9.4 Conclusion 81
10 Electricity, emissions, and pricing carbon 83
10.1 The electricity sector 83
10.2 Pricing carbon emissions: carbon capture and storage 88
10.3 Does what goes into storage stay there? 90
10.4 Summary and conclusion 92
11 Efficiency: the first priority 94
11.1 Introduction 94
Primary and end-use energy efficiency 98
11.2 Transportation 98
11.3 Buildings 110
11.4 Conclusion 118
Technical Note 11.1 CAFE standards 120
12 Nuclear energy 122
12.1 Introduction 122
12.2 Radiation 125
12.3 Safety 127
12.4 Spent fuel: love it or hate it, we have it 129
12.5 Economics 133
12.6 Proliferation of nuclear weapons 135
12.7 Nuclear power as part of the solution 139
Technical Note 12.1 Nuclear power primer 140
Technical Note 12.2 France's long-range nuclear development plan 142
Technical Note 12.3 Producing material for weapons 145
Technical Note 12.4 Extract from the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons 147
Technical Note 12.5 Issues in internationalizing the fuel cycle 148
13 Renewables 150
13.1 Introduction 150
13.2 Wind 151
13.3 Solar energy 156
13.4 Geothermal 162
13.5 Hydropower 167
13.6 Ocean energy 169
13.7 The electric power distribution grid 169
Technical Note 13.1 Photovoltaic cells 171
14 Biofuels: is there anything there? 173
14.1 Introduction 173
14.2 Phase-1: ethanol from starch and sugar 175
14.3 Phase-2: cellulosic ethanol 180
14.4 Phase-3: other processes 181
14.5 Summary 182
15 An energy summary 184
Part III Policy 193
16 US policy - new things, bad things, good things 195
16.1 Introduction 195
16.2 Reducing emissions on a national scale 196
16.3 Bad things 200
16.4 Good things 204
17 World policy actions 207
17.1 Introduction 207
17.2 Kyoto-1: the Protocol of 1997 208
17.3 Kyoto-2 211
18 Coda 217
References 219
Index 222
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Add Beyond Smoke and Mirrors: Climate Change and Energy in the 21st Century, One of the most important issues facing humanity today is the prospect of global climate change, brought about primarily by our prolific energy use and heavy dependence on fossil fuels. Continuing on our present course using the present mix of fuels as th, Beyond Smoke and Mirrors: Climate Change and Energy in the 21st Century to the inventory that you are selling on WonderClubX
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Add Beyond Smoke and Mirrors: Climate Change and Energy in the 21st Century, One of the most important issues facing humanity today is the prospect of global climate change, brought about primarily by our prolific energy use and heavy dependence on fossil fuels. Continuing on our present course using the present mix of fuels as th, Beyond Smoke and Mirrors: Climate Change and Energy in the 21st Century to your collection on WonderClub |