ZEKE Spectroscopy Book

	Foreword
Pt. I	Basics	1
1	Introduction	3
2	Spectroscopy - a historical perspective	6
3	Mass analysis and resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI)	18
4	Photoelectron spectroscopy	29
5	Threshold spectroscopy	32
6	Zero kinetic energy (ZEKE) spectroscopy - an introduction	35
6.1	Apparatus	37
6.2	Increasing resolution - slicing	41
6.3	Long ZEKE beam detection	44
7	Threshold ion detection	47
8	Basic applications	50
9	Specific examples of ZEKE spectra in brief	62
9.1	[rho]-Difluorobenzene - vibrations and propensities	62
9.2	Nuclear spin isomers in ammonia	62
9.3	Benzene - the Jahn - Teller effect	63
9.4	Phenol - water clusters - hydrogen bonding	63
9.5	Free radical spectra	68
9.6	ZEKE spectroscopy of anions and mass-selected neutral species	68
9.7	Metal clusters	71
Pt. II	Mechanisms and applications	75
10	Historical perspectives and principles	77
11	Delayed ionization	87
11.1	The effect of time-delay on measurement	87
11.2	The observation of long-lived ZEKE states	91
11.3	Extrapolation with applied fields	99
12	The mechanism	101
13	Ionization potentials from ZEKE spectra	107
14	Detection of ions in ZEKE spectra	112
15	High resolution - benzene	118
15.1	Electron versus ion detection schemes	119
16	Magnetic field effects	122
17	Anion and neutral species mass-selected spectra	127
18	Short-lived states	149
18.1	Transition states of chemical reactions	150
19	Applications - state selection	152
20	Channel interactions and selection rules	154
21	Mixing of states by fields	179
22	The effect of a field on the ionization potential	187
23	Intensity effects due to electric fields	192
24	Examples of systems studied	196
24.1	[rho]-Difluorobenzene	196
24.2	Cluster vibrations	199
24.3	Phenol and its clusters	200
25	Lifetimes of ZEKE states at energies above the ionization potential	214
25.1	The onset of ionization	216
25.2	Core photodissociation	217
25.2.1	The dissociation of the argon complex	218
25.2.2	The photodissociation of the benzene core	221
26	Effects of ions on ZEKE spectra	226
27	Summary	239
28	Epilogue	245
	List of acronyms	251
	ZEKE bibliography	253
	Appendix	254
	References	259
	Subject index	270
	Author index	272