The European Revolutions, 1848-1851 Book

	List of maps and graphs
	Chronology of events
	Introduction	1
1	Society and social conflict in Europe during the 1840s	5
	The countryside	5
	Crafts, manufacturing and their social order	12
	Social structure and elites	20
	Social and economic trends	23
	The state	26
	Education and religion	32
	Objects of social conflict in pre-1848 Europe	38
	Conflict in the countryside	39
	Conflicts in manufacturing and crafts	43
	Conflicts with the state	47
	Conflicts over religion	49
	European society and its conflicts in the 1840s	53
2	The pre-revolutionary political universe	55
	The framework of political life	55
	Forms of political participation and organization	58
	Political doctrines and political movements in mid-nineteenth-century Europe	64
	Liberalism	64
	Conservatism	71
	Radicalism	77
	Nationalism	86
	Nation and nationalism in France	89
	Nations and nationalism in Italy and Germany	90
	Nations and nationalism in the Habsburg Empire and eastern Europe	95
	Party of order/party of movement	101
3	The outbreak of revolution	105
	Preceding the revolution: (1) the economic crisis	105
	Preceding the revolution: (2) the political crisis	108
	The verdict of the barricades	111
	The "springtime of the peoples"	116
	Points of conflict: (1) popular mass movements	117
	Points of conflict: (2) national unity and national war	126
	Points of conflict: (3) governmental power and elections	138
	The revolution in the balance	146
4	Varieties of revolutionary experience	148
	The new contours of public life	148
	The parliament as political focus	148
	Newspapers	151
	Politics in the streets	153
	Free to organize and associate	157
	Political clubs	158
	Association as a social and political theme	167
	Tendencies of political development	178
	Bases of political support	178
	The direction of political life over the course of the revolution	187
5	Polarization and confrontation	195
	Patterns of confrontation, May-November 1848	195
	First steps in southern Italy	195
	The June Days	197
	Counter-revolution in the Austrian Empire	203
	Toward war with and in Hungary	209
	The crisis of September 1848 and the Frankfurt National Assembly	212
	The October crisis	215
	The November crisis in Prussia	218
	The election of Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte as French president	219
	The second wave of revolution	220
	New political initiatives	221
	The crisis of the spring of 1849	225
	The outcome of the spring crisis	227
	The rule of the insurgent governments and their ultimate defeat	230
	Epilogue: in the underground, 1849-51	236
6	The mid-century revolutions in European history	239
	The anatomy of a revolution	239
	1789-1848-1917	245
	Aspirations and accomplishments of the 1848 revolutions	250
	The 1848 revolutions as political mass movement	255
	Bibliography	260
	Short biographies	270
	Index	276