Kant's Moral Theory Book

	Preface	xi
	Key to abbreviations and translators	xvii
1	Introduction	1
	Immanuel Kant's life	1
	Kant's audiences	3
	Kant's respect for ordinary moral thinking	4
	Kant's debt to Pietism	6
	Kant and the Enlightenment	7
2	The context for Kant's moral philosophy	11
	Kant's response to skepticism	12
	A priori and a posteriori knowledge claims	14
	Can there be synthetic a priori judgments?	15
	Ideas of reason	17
	Questions of methodology	19
Part I	The nature of morality
3	The nature of human action	23
	The exercise of causal power	24
	Always goal directed	24
	The presence of desires	26
	Practical rules	28
	The task ahead	29
4	Prudence: taking care of our own interests	31
	Desires, inclinations, and self-interest	31
	Prudential reasoning	32
	Technical imperatives	34
	Prudential imperatives	35
	The amorality of prudence	37
	Past errors	39
	What can be learned	41
5	Morality: living autonomously	44
	Freedom	44
	Autonomy	46
	Moral rules	47
	The Categorical Imperative	49
	Obligatory, forbidden, or permissible	50
	Narrow and wide duties	51
	Moral judgment	54
	Erroneous moral judgments	57
	The infallibility of conscience	60
6	Morally obligatory ends	63
	Objective ends	64
	Right actions	66
	A "good will"	68
	Kinds of practical goods	68
	A system of obligatory ends	70
	Conflicts between moral rules	72
7	The defense of morality	76
	How is morality possible?	77
	Why this is a problem	79
	Kant's first argument: Part I	81
	Kant's first argument: Part II	85
	Kant's second argument	88
	Relating the two viewpoints	90
	Metaphysical questions	93
8	The primacy of morality	95
	A brief history	96
	The grounds for primacy	97
	The limitations of theoretical reasoning	98
	Superior cognitive power	102
	Superior conative power	103
	What primacy means	104
	Unity under a common principle	109
	Another quest	112
Part II	The moral norm for persons
9	Moral character: Part I	117
	Merely pathological desires	118
	Conflicts between reason and desire	119
	Duty	121
	Virtue	122
	Mixed motivation	122
	The "radical evil" in human nature	124
	The nature of moral character	126
	Kinds of moral character	129
10	Moral character: Part II	131
	Moral interest	131
	Moral sentiments	132
	Respect for the moral law	133
	The range of moral emotions	135
	The spirit of virtue	136
	Moral fanaticism	137
	Morally indifferent and permissible actions	138
	Holiness an obligatory end	139
	The postulate of immortality	141
	The postulates of God and of grace	142
	Metaphysical questions	144
Part III	The norm for moral judgment
11	The Categorical Imperative	149
	Ease of use	150
	The problem	151
	The principle of noncontradiction	151
	The derivation	153
	Problematic texts	157
	Empirical content	159
	Problems with maxims	160
	The necessary and sufficient norm	163
	Not a prudential norm	163
12	The Formula of Autonomy or of Universal Law: Part I	165
	Self-constraint	165
	Practical lawfulness	166
	Testing the maxim of a lying promise	167
	Kant's doctrine concerning lies	170
	Kant's infamous reply to Constant	173
	Consistency with other maxims	178
13	The Formula of Autonomy or of Universal Law: Part II	180
	The principle of physicoteleology	181
	Kant's transformation of the tradition	182
	Obligatory natural ends	184
	Kant's examples	186
	Another example	188
	Problems with such ends	190
	Culture and morality	191
14	The Formula of Respect for the Dignity of Persons	193
	Persons and things	195
	Respect for persons	198
	Self-respect	200
	Our own happiness	202
	Respect for others	203
	Problems	209
15	The Formula of Legislation for a Moral Community	212
	A moral community	214
	The ethical community: a church	216
	The supreme good and the complete good	218
	Not a norm of moral judgment	222
	The postulates of God and immortality	223
	A problem	226
Part IV	Kant on history, polities, and religion
16	Autonomy and the state	233
	Problems confronting Kant's political theory	234
	Kant's philosophy of history	235
	The genesis of the state	239
	Autonomy and political coercion	241
	Crime and punishment	243
	No right to revolution	244
17	Civil justice and republicanism	246
	The Principle of Right (Recht)	247
	Kinds of laws	248
	The Principle of Publicity	249
	"Private morality"	250
	Morality and politics	251
	The ideal state: a republic	252
	Principles of a republican government	254
	Perpetual peace and a league of nations	256
	Kant's moral and political theories	258
	The value of the political life	259
18	Kant's philosophy of religion	261
	"The philosopher of Protestantism"	262
	The church	265
	Original Sin	268
	Grace and justification	270
	Conclusion	273
	Appendixes
1	Kant's two-viewpoints doctrine	279
	"Morally indifferent" freedom	279
	Autonomous freedom	281
	Heteronomous freedom	284
2	Kant's philosophy of moral education	287
	A Moral catechism	289
	Developing moral judgment	291
	Practice in moral discipline	292
	Notes	295
	Bibliography	384
	Index of names	397
	Index of subjects	401