Interior Design: A Survey Book

Preface     xiii
Acknowledgments     xiv
The Practice of Interior Design
Interior Design as a Career     3
Interior Spaces     3
Who Is an Interior Designer?     5
The Scope of an Interior Designer's Work     6
The Development of Interior Design as a Profession     6
Interior Design, Interior Decoration, and Architecture     9
The Road to Becoming an Interior Designer     10
The Profession of Interior Design     11
How Interior Designers Work     15
Working with Others     15
Residential Projects     15
Commercial Projects     16
Institutional Projects     18
Special Populations and Universal Design     18
Large and Small Firms     18
Sources of Income     19
Client Relationships     21
Time Management and Organizational Skills     21
Starting a Practice     21
Marketing, Strategic Planning, Record Keeping     22
The Roots of Interior Design     24
Vernacular Architecture and Indigenous Design     24
Historic Design Precedents and the Rise of Cities     25
Egypt (4500 BCE-30 CE)     27
Ancient Near East: Mesopotamia (3200-2340 BCE)     32
India and Pakistan: The Indus Civilization (2300-1500 BCE)     34
India: The Mauryan Empire (305 BCE-180 BCE)     35
China (2200 BCE-221 CE)     35
Africa     36
Greece, Rome, and Byzantium     38
Greece, Crete, and Mycenae     38
The Etruscans     45
Early Rome     45
Roman Architecture     45
Roman Dwellings     46
Pompeii and Herculaneum     48
Roman Furnishings     48
Roman Decorative Arts     50
Roman Ornament     51
Early Christian Interiors     51
Rise of the Byzantine Empire (330-145 CE)     53
Medieval Europe     56
Scandinavia     56
The British Isles     57
The Romanesque Period (800-1200)     57
Medieval Castles, Houses, and Shops     60
Russian Churches (1000-1200)     61
The Transition from Romanesque to Gothic     61
Gothic Design     61
Islamic, Iberian, and African Design     68
Islamic Design     68
The Iberian Peninsula: Spain and Portugal      72
The Ottoman Empire     77
African Design     78
The Renaissance     83
Renaissance Architecture     83
Renaissance Interiors     85
Villas and Palazzi     86
Italian Renaissance Furnishings     87
Mannerism     87
The Renaissance in France     89
The English Renaissance     93
Spain During the Renaissance (1500-1700)     96
Spanish Renaissance Decorative Arts (1400-1650)     96
The Low Countries During the Renaissance     97
European Style: Baroque through Regency     99
Baroque Design     99
The French Baroque     100
The Spanish Baroque     102
The Low Countries and Middle-Class Baroque     103
The English Baroque     103
Eighteenth-Century Rococo to Neoclassicism     105
Middle-Class Design in Europe     108
Asian and Oceanic Design     113
India: Transition from Buddhist to Hindu Classical Age (300-800 CE)     113
India: Stone Temple Architecture (550-1250)     113
Cambodia and Vietnam     118
China     119
Design in Tibet     124
Korean Design     125
Japan     125
Oceania     129
The Americas     132
South America: Chavin de Huantar Culture (1200-400 BCE)     132
Central America: The Olmec Civilization (1500-400 BCE)     132
North America: The Mound Builders (4000 BCE-1000 CE)     133
The Huari-Tiahuanaco Empire (400 BCE-1000 BCE)     134
The Zapotecs (500 BCE -750 CE)     135
The Teotihuacan Culture (1-750 CE)     135
The Ancient Mayan Civilization (400 BCE-900 CE)     136
The Toltecs (800-1200 CE)     137
Inca (1200-1535 CE)     137
The Aztecs (1400-1521 CE)     137
American Colonial Styles     138
Industry and Revivals     150
American Georgian Interiors (1720-1787)     150
Federal Style and Greek Revival     150
Shaker Design     156
The Industrial Revolution in England and France     157
Victorian Style in the United States     162
Reform and Arts and Crafts     166
Evolving an American Style     167
American Craftsman Movement and Scandinavian Influence     168
Art Nouveau (1890-1910)     170
Ecole des Beaux Arts and Historicism      170
The Viennese Secession and the Glasgow School     171
The Modern Movement and Beyond     175
Art Deco     176
Developments in Housing     177
Combining Humanism and Modernism     179
Machine Aesthetic and the Elimination of Ornament     183
Postwar Housing in Britain     185
Modern Office Design     186
American Postwar Interior Design     188
Design Explorations     190
Design for the Past and the Future     192
The Process of Design
The Elements and Principles of Design     197
Human Perception     197
Form     203
Texture     206
Visibility     207
Design Principles and Discernment     208
Proportion     208
Scale     209
Ordering Principles     210
Creating Harmony     212
Balancing Unity and Variety     213
Rhythm and Repetition     213
Emphasis and Hierarchy     213
Openness and Enclosure     213
Design Discernment     214
Color     217
The Visible Spectrum     217
The Color of Light      217
Color and Pigments     218
Working with Color     219
Color Contrast     220
Cultural Symbolism and the Psychology of Color     223
Color and Spatial Perception     224
Color Relationships and Color Schemes     225
Tonal Distribution     227
Color and Special Populations and Activities     228
Color Problems     230
Defining the Design Problem and Establishing Goals     231
Organizing the Design Process     231
Project Development     231
Programming     233
Developing Design Concepts and Schematic Design     240
The Interior as a Response to Architecture     241
Cultural and Geographical Inspirations     241
Energy and Atnnosphere as Inspiration     241
Geometric Design Inspirations     242
The Client's Story as Inspiration     242
Natural Design Inspirations     243
Historical Design Precedents     243
Government Design Guidelines     243
Vernacular Design Inspirations     243
Intellectual, Philosophical, and Religious Design Systems     245
Schematic Design: Synthesis      246
Relationship Diagrams     247
Stacking Plans     248
Schematic Floor Plans     248
Typical Plan Arrangements     250
Preliminary Floor Plan Presentation     251
Space Planning     251
Finalizing the Design     252
Project Management     252
Design Development     253
Design and Presentation Drawings     253
Material Selections     254
Selection of Fixtures and Furnishings     255
Cost Estimating and Budget     256
Presentation to Client for Feedback and Preliminary Approval     257
Design Finalization     257
Construction Drawings and Details     258
Specifications     258
Final Cost Estimates and Bids     260
Project Supervision and Contract Administration     260
Client Review and Approval     263
Project Evaluation     263
Designing Interior Spaces
Communicating the Design     267
Drawing Types     267
Orthographic (Orthogonal) Projections     267
Paraline Drawings     272
Perspective Drawings     273
Drafting and Lettering     275
Sketching and Drawing as Design Tools     277
Three-Dimensional Modeling     277
Organizing the Presentation     278
Information Management and Computer Applications     283
Designing for Human Health and Safety     285
Codes and Standards     285
Special Codes and the Interior Designer     285
Federal Regulations     285
The Occupational Safety and Health Act     286
Human Factors and Ergonomics     287
Designing for People with Disabilities     290
Designing for Children     291
Designing for Teens and Young Adults     292
Designing for Older People     292
Designing for People with Special Needs     293
Residential Spaces     296
Connecting to the Outdoors     304
Entertainment Equipment     307
Home Workspaces     308
Emerging Residential Trends     309
Commercial, Cultural, and Institutional Spaces     310
Office Design     310
Conference and Media Rooms     311
Public Restrooms     312
Hospitality Spaces     313
Fitness Clubs     317
Health-Care Facilities      317
Institutional and Educational Spaces     318
Performance Spaces     318
Museums and Exhibit Spaces     320
Libraries     321
Retail Design     321
Environmentally Healthy Design and Historic Interiors     323
Energy Use     323
Sustainable Design Strategies     323
The LEED System     324
Water Use     324
Energy Use     324
Ozone     325
Recycling     325
Indoor Air Quality     326
Reducing Contaminants     328
Asbestos     331
Lead     331
Historic Preservation, Restoration and Adaptive Reuse     332
The Building
Building Construction     339
Structural Systems     339
The Building Envelope     346
Building Components     357
The Building Core     357
Floors     358
Level Changes     359
Ceilings     363
Walls     366
Openings in the Building Envelope     367
Building Environmental Systems     374
Thermal Comfort     374
Thermal Capacity and Resistance      376
Heating Systems     377
Cooling Systems     377
Mechanical Equipment     380
Plumbing, Electrical, Communications, and Fire Safety     383
Water Supply     383
Waste Plumbing     383
Plumbing Fixtures     384
Designing Public Toilet Rooms     386
Electrical System Design Process     387
Electrical Circuits and Wiring     387
Fire Safety     389
Building Control Systems     392
Vertical Transport     393
Lighting     394
The Psychology and Physiology of Lighting     394
Daylighting     394
Brightness and Contrast     397
Electric Light Sources     397
Optical Fibers     399
Light-Emitting Diodes     399
Lighting Sources and Color Rendering     399
Components     400
Lighting System Maintenance     402
Lighting Design     402
The Process of Lighting Design     403
Determining How Much Light is Required     404
Energy Conservation, Codes, and Regulations     404
Ambient Lighting     404
Focal Lighting      405
Sparkle     405
Residential Lighting     405
Office Lighting     407
Educational Facilities     408
Retail Lighting     408
Emergency Lighting     408
Interior Finishes
Finish Selection and Specification     411
Health and Safety Codes     411
Budgetary Criteria     412
Environmental Impact     412
Functional Criteria     412
Concrete     413
Masonry     413
Metals     413
Wood     414
Synthetic Materials     416
Plaster and Gypsum Board     419
Glass     420
Finish Specifications     422
Finish Flooring     423
Hard Floor Surfaces     423
Resilient Flooring     428
Carpets and Rugs     430
Wall Finishes     436
Plaster     436
Gypsum Wallboard     436
Glass-Fiber Reinforced Gypsum     437
Plywood Paneling     437
Solid Wood Paneling     437
Veneers     438
Prefinished Panels     438
Ceramic Wall Tile      438
Stone Facing     439
Flexible Wall Coverings     440
Natural Fiber and Recycled-Content Flexible Wall Coverings     442
Paints, Coatings, and Custom Finishes     442
Moldings and Trims     445
Glass and Glazing     445
Ceiling Finishes     447
Ceiling Forms     447
Exposed Ceiling Treatments     448
Wood Decking and Planks     450
Illuminated Ceilings     451
Plaster and Drywall Ceilings     451
Acoustical Ceiling Tiles     452
Metal Ceilings     453
Suspended Ceiling Systems     453
Stretched Ceiling Systems     457
Furnishings and Finishes
Selecting Furnishings     461
Shaping Interior Space     462
Criteria for Selection     462
Quality of Construction     464
Life Cycle Costs     465
Furniture Sources     465
Custom Furniture     467
Furniture Materials     467
Furniture Finishes     473
Textiles     474
Textile Selection     475
Textile Appearance     475
Fibers      477
Textile Fiber Sources     478
Fabric Finishes     484
Basic Weaves and Fabrics     485
Knitted Fabrics     487
Other Fabrication Methods     488
Finishing     488
Dyeing and Printing     488
Special Textile Products     490
Problem Solving     490
Furniture     492
Upholstered Furniture     492
Seating     495
Tables     500
Work Surfaces     503
Systems Furniture     504
Furniture for Sleeping     505
Children's Furniture     507
Storage Units     507
The Finishing Touches     510
Casework, Built-in Storage, and Equipment     510
Countertop Fabrication and Installation     511
Cabinet Construction     513
Custom Commercial Millwork     514
Closet and Utility Shelving     514
Lockers     515
Demountable Partitions     515
Moving Panels and Screens     515
Toilet Partitions     516
Toilet Room Accessories     516
Window Treatments     516
Signage and Graphics      521
Accessories     522
Artwork     525
Plants     526
Glossary     527
Bibliography     540
Index     547