Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics Book

1	Introduction	1
1.1	The Laws of Thermodynamics	2
1.2	Definitions	3
1.3	Exothermic and Endothermic Processes	3
2	The First Law	5
2.1	Internal Energy	5
2.2	Heat	6
2.3	Work	7
3	Heat Capacity, Enthalpy and Thermochemistry	16
3.1	Heat Capacity, C	16
3.2	Enthalpy	19
3.3	Thermochemistry	20
3.4	Reaction Enthalpy and Hess's Law	20
3.5	Temperature Dependence of Enthalpy Changes	22
4	The Second and Third Laws: Entropy	25
4.1	Spontaneous Processes	25
4.2	The Clausius Inequality	27
4.3	Temperature Dependence of the Entropy, S	29
5	Free Energy	35
5.1	Gibbs and Helmholtz Free Energy	35
5.2	Maximum Work	36
5.3	Pressure and Temperature Dependence of G	38
6	Phase Transitions	40
6.1	Stability of Phases	40
6.2	Effect of Pressure on the Boiling Point	42
6.3	Phase Diagrams	42
6.4	Clapeyron Equation	42
6.5	Clausius-Clapeyron Equation	43
6.6	Gibbs Free Energy and Chemical Potential	44
7	Chemical Equilibrium	49
7.1	Extent of Reaction and the Reaction Gibbs Free Energy	49
7.2	The Equilibrium Constant	51
7.3	Temperature Dependence of the Equilibrium Constant	54
7.4	Effect of Pressure on Equilibrium	55
7.5	Le Chatelier's Principle	56
8	The Statistical Definition of Entropy	59
8.1	Statistical Entropy	60
8.2	Microstates	60
8.3	Calculating the Entropy	62
9	Connecting Microscopic and Macroscopic Properties	67
9.1	Ensembles	67
9.2	Ensemble Averages	69
9.3	What is the Preferred State of a System?	72
9.4	The Boltzmann Distribution	74
10	The Partition Function	77
10.1	Definition of the Partition Function	77
10.2	The Internal Energy	78
10.3	The Helmholtz Free Energy	80
10.4	The Entropy	80
10.5	The Pressure	81
10.6	The Isochoric Heat Capacity	81
11	An Ideal Gas of Atoms	84
11.1	The Ideal Gas	84
11.2	The Molecular Partition Function	87
11.3	The Translational Partition Function	88
11.4	The Internal Energy of a Monatomic Ideal Gas	91
11.5	The Heat Capacity of a Monatomic Ideal Gas	93
11.6	The Pressure of a Monatomic Ideal Gas	93
11.7	The Entropy of a Monatomic Ideal Gas	93
12	An Ideal Gas of Diatomic Molecules	98
12.1	The Rotational Partition Function	99
12.2	Rotation and Symmetry	102
12.3	The Properties of a Rigid Rotor	104
12.4	The Harmonic Oscillator	106
12.5	Thermodynamic Properties of the Harmonic Oscillator	110
12.6	The Electronic Partition Function	113
13	Statistical Mechanics and Equilibrium	117
13.1	Thermodynamics of Gaseous Molecules	117
13.2	The Gibbs Free Energy	118
13.3	The Standard Gibbs Free Energy	120
13.4	The Equilibrium Constant, K[subscript p]	122
	Glossary	126
	Answers to Problems	134
	Subject Index	159