Colloids and Interfaces with Surfactants and Polymers Book

Preface to the Second Edition ix

Preface to the First Edition xi

1 The Nature of Colloids 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Colloids in Action 4

1.3 Concentrated Colloidal Dispersions 9

1.4 Interfaces 14

1.5 Surfactants 22

1.6 Solution Polymers 27

1.7 The World of Nanoparticles 28

1.8 Preparation of Nanoparticles 29

1.9 Nanocomposites 39

1.10 Janus Particles 42

1.11 Summary 43

2 Macromolecules and Surfactants 47

2.1 Introduction 47

2.2 Macromolecular Definitions 47

2.3 Conformation in Dilute Solutions 49

2.4 The Flory-Huggins Theory of Polymer Solutions 52

2.5 Polymer Solution Phase Behaviour 57

2.6 Polymers at Surfaces 59

2.7 Polymer Characterization 63

2.8 Biopolymers 67

2.9 Surfactants in Solution 76

3 Interactions Between Colloidal Particles 93

3.1 Introduction 93

3.2 Intermolecular Attraction 95

3.3 Notes on Complex Number Manipulation 100

3.4 Dispersion Forces Between Particles 104

3.5 Retarded Dispersion Forces 111

3.6 The General or Lifshitz Theory of Dispersion Forces Between Particles 112

3.7 Summary and Calculation Guide 114

3.8 Calculation Strategy 115

3.9 The Depletion Interaction 120

4 Forces of Repulsion 129

4.1 Introduction 129

4.2 Electrostatic Interactions 129

4.3 The Origins of Surface Charge 130

4.4 The Interaction Between Diffuse Double Layers 144

4.5 The Interaction Between Two Spheres 148

4.6 The Effect of Particle Concentration 149

4.7 Steric Interactions 152

4.8 Calculation Strategy 160

5 The Stability of Dispersions 163

5.1 Introduction 163

5.2 The Stability of Charge-Stabilized Colloids-The DLVO Theory 163

5.3 Mechanisms of Aggregation 166

5.4 Hetero-Coagulation andHetero-Flocculation 169

5.5 The Rate of Coagulation 177

5.6 Aggregation in Flowing Dispersions 181

6 The Wetting of Surfaces by Liquids 191

6.1 Introduction 191

6.2 The Contact Angle 192

6.3 Methods for the Measurement of Contact Angle 194

6.4 Contact Angle Hysteresis 198

6.5 Spreading 199

6.6 Curved Surfaces 204

6.7 Capillarity 205

6.8 Temperature Effects 212

6.9 Dynamic Contact Angles 214

7 Emulsions and Microemulsions 219

7.1 Introduction 219

7.2 Emulsiflcation 220

7.3 Stability of Emulsions 225

7.4 Microemulsions 230

8 Characterization of Colloidal Particles 239

8.1 Introduction 239

8.2 Particle Size 240

8.3 Microscopy 242

8.4 Zonal Methods 260

8.5 Scattering Methods 262

8.6 Analysis of Scattered Radiation 265

8.7 Neutron Reflection 275

8.8 Dynamic Light Scattering 276

8.9 Characterization of the Electrical Properties of Particles 278

8.10 Viscosities of Dilute Dispersions 295

8.11 Sedimentation of Dispersions 301

9 Concentrated Dispersions 309

9.1 Introduction 309

9.2 The Structure of Concentrated Dispersions 310

9.3 Rheology 316

9.4 Linear Viscoelasticity of Colloidal Dispersions 327

9.5 Phenomenology 328

9.6 Sedimentation in Concentrated Dispersions 355

Index 367