Fundamentals of Physics, Volume 1 (Chapters 1 - 20) Book

Measurement     1
What Is Physics?     2
Measuring Things     2
The International System of Units     2
Changing Units     3
Length     4
Time     5
Mass     7
Review & Summary     8
Problems     8
Motion Along a Straight Line     13
What Is Physics?     14
Motion     14
Position and Displacement     14
Average Velocity and Average Speed     15
Instantaneous Velocity and Speed     17
Acceleration     19
Constant Acceleration: A Special Case     21
Another Look at Constant Acceleration     24
Free-Fall Acceleration     24
Graphical Integration in Motion Analysis     27
Review & Summary     28
Questions     29
Problems     30
Vector     38
What Is Physics?     39
Vectors and Scalars     39
Adding Vectors Geometrically     39
Components of Vectors     40
Unit Vectors     44
Adding Vectors by Components     45
Vectors and the Laws ofPhysics     48
Multiplying Vectors     48
Review & Summary     52
Questions     52
Problems     53
Motion in Two and Three Dimensions     58
What Is Physics?     59
Position and Displacement     59
Average Velocity and Instantaneous Velocity     61
Average Acceleration and Instantaneous Acceleration     63
Projectile Motion     65
Projectile Motion Analyzed     66
Uniform Circular Motion     70
Relative Motion in One Dimension     72
Relative Motion in Two Dimensions     73
Review & Summary     75
Questions     76
Problems     77
Force and Motion - I     87
What Is Physics?     88
Newtonian Mechanics     88
Newton's First Law     88
Force     89
Mass     90
Newton's Second Law     91
Some Particular Forces     94
Newton's Third Law     99
Applying Newton's Laws     99
Review & Summary     105
Questions     106
Problems     108
Force and Motion - II     116
What Is Physics?     117
Friction     117
Properties of Friction     118
The Drag Force and Terminal Speed     122
Uniform Circular Motion     124
Review & Summary     129
Questions     130
Problems     131
Kinetic Energy and Work     140
What Is Physics?     141
What Is Energy?     141
Kinetic Energy     141
Work     142
Work and Kinetic Energy     143
Work Done by the Gravitational Force     146
Work Done by a Spring Force     149
Work Done by a General Variable Force     152
Power     155
Review & Summary     157
Questions     158
Problems     159
Potential Energy and Conservation of Energy     166
What Is Physics?     167
Work and Potential Energy     167
Path Independence of Conservative Forces     168
Determining Potential Energy Values     170
Conservation of Mechanical Energy     173
Reading a Potential Energy Curve     175
Work Done on a System by an External Force      179
Conservation of Energy     182
Review & Summary     186
Questions     187
Problems     189
Center of Mass and Linear Momentum     201
What Is Physics?     202
The Center of Mass     202
Newton's Second Law for a System of Particles     206
Linear Momentum     209
The Linear Momentum of a System of Particles     210
Collision and Impulse     210
Conservation of Linear Momentum     214
Momentum and Kinetic Energy in Collisions     217
Inelastic Collisions in One Dimension     218
Elastic Collisions in One Dimension     221
Collisions in Two Dimensions     224
Systems with Varying Mass: A Rocket     224
Review & Summary     226
Questions     228
Problems     229
Rotation     241
What Is Physics?     242
The Rotational Variables     242
Are Angular Quantities Vectors?     246
Rotation with Constant Angular Acceleration     247
Relating the Linear and Angular Variables     249
Kinetic Energy of Rotation     252
Calculating the Rotational Inertia     253
Torque     256
Newton's Second Law for Rotation     257
Work and Rotational Kinetic Energy     260
Review & Summary     263
Questions     265
Problems     266
Rolling, Torque, and Angular Momentum     275
What Is Physics?     276
Rolling as Translation and Rotation Combined     276
The Kinetic Energy of Rolling     277
The Forces of Rolling     278
The Yo-Yo     281
Torque Revisited     281
Angular Momentum     283
Newton's Second Law in Angular Form     285
The Angular Momentum of a System of Particles     287
The Angular Momentum of a Rigid Body Rotating About a Fixed Axis     287
Conservation of Angular Momentum     290
Precession of a Gyroscope     293
Review & Summary     295
Questions     296
Problems     297
Equilibrium and Elasticity     305
What Is Physics?     306
Equilibrium     306
The Requirements of Equilibrium     307
The Center of Gravity     308
Some Examples of Static Equilibrium      310
Indeterminate Structures     314
Elasticity     315
Review & Summary     319
Questions     319
Problems     321
Gravitation     330
What Is Physics?     331
Newton's Law of Gravitation     331
Gravitation and the Principle of Superposition     333
Gravitation Near Earth's Surface     335
Gravitation Inside Earth     337
Gravitation Potential Energy     338
Planets and Satellites: Kepler's Laws     342
Satellites: Orbits and Energy     345
Einstein and Gravitation     347
Review & Summary     349
Questions     350
Problems     351
Fluids     359
What Is Physics?     360
What Is a Fluid?     360
Density and Pressure     360
Fluids at Rest     362
Measuring Pressure     365
Pascal's Principle     366
Archimedes' Principle     367
Ideal Fluids in Motion     370
The Equation of Continuity     371
Bernoulli's Equation     373
Review & Summary      377
Questions     378
Problems     379
Oscillations     386
What Is Physics?     387
Simple Harmonic Motion     387
The Force Law for Simple Harmonic Motion     390
Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion     392
An Angular Simple Harmonic Oscillator     394
Pendulums     395
Simple Harmonic Motion and Uniform Circular Motion     399
Damped Simple Harmonic Motion     400
Forced Oscillations and Resonance     402
Review & Summary     403
Questions     403
Problems     405
Waves-I     413
What Is Physics?     414
Types of Waves     414
Transverse and Longitudinal Waves     414
Wavelength and Frequency     416
The Speed of a Traveling Wave     418
Wave Speed on a Stretched String     412
Energy and Power of a Wave Traveling Along a String     423
The Wave Equation     425
The Principle of Superposition for Waves     426
Interference of Waves     427
Phasors     429
Standing Waves     431
Standing Waves and Resonance      433
Review & Summary     436
Questions     436
Problems     438
Waves-II     445
What Is Physics?     446
Sound Waves     446
The Speed of Sound     446
Traveling Sound Waves     449
Interference     451
Intensity and Sound Level     453
Sources of Musical Sound     457
Beats     459
The Doppler Effect     460
Supersonic Speeds, Shock Waves     464
Review & Summary     465
Questions     466
Problems     467
Temperature, Heat, and the First Law of Thermodynamics     476
What Is Physics?     477
Temperature     477
The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics     477
Measuring Temperature     478
The Celsius and Fahrenheit Scales     478
Thermal Expansion     482
Temperature and Heat     484
The Absorption of Heat by Solids and Liquids     485
A Closer Look at Heat and Work     488
The First Law of Thermodynamics     490
Some Special Cases of the First Law of Thermodynamics     491
Heat Transfer Mechanisms     493
Review & Summary     497
Questions     498
Problems     500
The Kinetic Theory of Gases     507
What Is Physics?     508
Avogadro's Number     508
Ideal Gases     509
Pressure, Temperature, and RMS Speed     512
Translational Kinetic Energy     514
Mean Free Path     515
The Distribution of Molecular Speeds     517
The Molar Specific Heats of an Ideal Gas     520
Degrees of Freedom and Molar Specific Heats     523
A Hint of Quantum Theory     525
The Adiabatic Expansion of an Ideal Gas     526
Review & Summary     529
Questions     530
Problems     531
Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics     536
What Is Physics?     537
Irreversible Processes and Entropy     537
Change in Entropy     538
The Second Law of Thermodynamics     542
Entropy in the Real World: Engines     543
Entropy in the Real World: Refrigerators     548
The Efficiencies of Real Engines     549
A Statistical View of Entropy     550
Review & Summary     554
Questions     555
Problems     555
Appendices     A-1
The International System of Units (SI)     A-1
Some Fundamental Constants of Physics     A-3
Some Astronomical Data     A-4
Conversion Factors     A-5
Mathematical Formulas     A-9
Properties of the Elements     A-12
Periodic Table of the Elements     A-15
Answers to Checkpoints and Odd-Numbered Questions and Problems     AN-1
Index     I-1