Stability and Control of Aircraft Systems: Introduction to Classical Feedback Control Book

Series Preface     ix
Preface     xi
Developing the Foundation     1
Engineering Units     2
International System of Units (SI)     2
US/Imperial Units System     3
Comparing the SI and US/Imperial Units Systems     4
Block Diagrams     4
Examples of Summation (or Comparison) Devices     5
Differential Equations     11
Using the 'D' Notation     12
Spring-Mass System Example     14
The Standard Form of Second-order System Transfer Function     15
Primer on Complex Numbers     18
The Complex Sinusoid     19
Chapter Summary     21
Closing the Loop     23
The Generic Closed Loop System     23
The Simplest Form of Closed Loop System     24
The Concept of Stability     26
Response Testing of Control Systems     28
The Integration Process     32
Hydraulic Servo-actuator Example     37
Calculating Frequency Response     40
Frequency Response of a First-order Lag     43
Frequency Response of a Second-order System     45
Aircraft Flight Control System Example     47
Control System Assumptions     48
Open hoop Analysis     49
Closed Loop Performance     53
Alternative Graphical Methods for Response Analysis     54
The Nyquist Diagram     54
Deriving Closed Loop Response from Nyquist Diagrams     59
The Nichols Chart     62
Graphical Methods - Summary Comments and Suggestions     66
Chapter Summary     68
Control System Compensation Techniques     71
Control System Requirements     71
Compensation Methods     72
Proportional Plus Integral Control     73
Proportional Plus Integral Plus Derivative Control     76
Lead-Lag Compensation     78
Lag-Lead Compensation     81
Feedback Compensation     84
Applications of Control Compensation     89
Proportional Plus Integral Example     89
Lead-Lag Compensation Example     97
Class 2 System Design Example     101
Chapter Summary     114
Introduction to Laplace Transforms     117
An Overview of the Application of Laplace Transforms     117
The Evolution of the Laplace Transform     118
Proof of the General Case      121
Applying Laplace Transforms to Linear Systems Analysis     124
Partial Fractions     129
Laplace Transforms - Summary of Key Points     138
Root Locus     140
Root Locus Construction Rules     141
Connecting Root Locus to Conventional Linear Analysis     146
Root Locus Example     152
Chapter Summary     155
Dealing with Nonlinearities     157
Definition of Nonlinearity Types     157
Continuous Nonlinearities     159
Engine Fuel Control System Example     161
Discontinuous Nonlinearities     167
Stability Analysis with Discontinuous Nonlinearities     172
The Transport Delay     176
Simulation     179
Chapter Summary     188
Electronic Controls     191
Analog Electronic Controls     193
The Operational Amplifier     194
Building Analog Control Algorithms     195
The Digital Computer as a Dynamic Control Element     197
Signal Conversion     197
Digital Controller Architectures     201
The Stability Impact of Digital Controls     206
Digital Control Design Example      210
Creating Digital Control Algorithms     215
The Integrator     215
The First-order Lag     216
The Pseudo Derivative     217
Chapter Summary     218
Concluding Commentary     221
An Overview of the Material     222
Graphical Tools     225
Compensation Techniques     227
Integral Wind-up     227
Avoid Using Pure Derivative Action     228
Mechanical Stiffness Estimates are Always High     228
Laplace Transforms and Root Locus Techniques     229
Nonlinearities     230
Digital Electronic Control     232
The Way Forward     233
Index     235