Inorganic Mass Spectrometry: Principles and Applications Book

Foreword     xiii
Preface     xvii
Acknowledgements     xix
Introduction to Mass Spectrometry     1
History of Mass Spectrometric Techniques     7
References     22
Ion Sources     25
Inductively Coupled Plasma Ion Source     28
Laser Ablation Coupled to an Inductively Coupled Plasma Ion Source     38
Electrothermal Vaporization Coupled to an Inductively Coupled Plasma Ion Source     43
Hydride Generation and Cold Vapour Technique Coupled to an Inductively Coupled Plasma Source     43
Spark Ion Source     44
Laser Ion Source     46
Laser Plasma Ionization     46
Resonant Laser Ionization     50
Glow Discharge Ion Source     51
Thermal Surface Ionization Source     56
Ion Sources for Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) and Sputtered Neutral Mass Spectrometry (SNMS)     60
Electron Ionization Source     65
Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Source     69
Electrospray Ionization Source     70
References     73
Ion Separation     77
Sector Field Analyzer     78
Magnetic Sector Field Analyzer     78
Electric Sector Field Analyzer     81
Combination of Magnetic and Electric Sector Fields - Double-focusing Sector Field Mass Spectrometer     83
Dynamic Mass Separation Systems     87
Quadrupole Mass Analyzer     87
Time-of-flight Analyzer     91
Ion Trap Mass Analyzer     94
Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Analyzer     95
Mass Resolution and Abundance Sensitivity     98
References     101
Ion Detection Systems     103
Faraday Cup     103
Secondary Electron Multiplier     105
Combination of Faraday Cup and Secondary Electron Multiplier     107
Channel Electron Multiplier and Microchannel Plates     108
Daly Detector     109
Multiple Ion Collection System     111
Fluorescence Screen and Photographic Ion Detection     113
References     114
Instrumentation     117
Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometers (ICP-MS)     120
Quadrupole Based ICP Mass Spectrometers (ICP-QMS)     121
ICP Mass Spectrometers with Collision or Dynamic Reaction Cell or Collision Reaction Interface     123
Double-focusing Sector Field ICP Mass Spectrometers with Single Ion Collector (ICP-SFMS)      131
Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometers (ToF-MS)     133
Multiple Ion Collector ICP Mass Spectrometers (MC-ICP-MS)     135
Solution Introduction Systems in ICP-MS     141
Hydride Generation and Cold Vapour Technique     146
Flow Injection and Hyphenated Techniques     147
Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometers (LA-ICP-MS)     150
Spark Source Mass Spectrometers (SSMS)     153
Laser Ionization Mass Spectrometers (LIMS)     154
Resonance Ionization Mass Spectrometers (RIMS)     155
Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometers (GDMS)     157
Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometers (TIMS)     160
Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometers (SIMS) and Sputtered Neutral Mass Spectrometers (SNMS)     161
Accelerator Mass Spectrometers (AMS)     167
Electron Ionization Mass Spectrometers for Stable Isotope Ratio Measurements     169
Knudsen Effusion Mass Spectrometers     170
References     171
Analytical and Practical Considerations     177
Qualitative Analysis     177
Isotopic Pattern     178
Mass Determination     180
Interference Problems     180
Quantification Procedures      187
Semi-quantitative Analysis     188
One Point Calibration in Solid-state Mass Spectrometry Using a Certified Reference Material     189
Quantification of Analytical Data via Calibration Curves in Mass Spectrometry Using Certified Reference Materials or Defined Standard Solutions     193
Isotope Dilution Technique     196
Quantification in Solid-state Mass Spectrometry Using Synthetic Laboratory Standards     199
Solution Based Calibration in LA-ICP-MS     201
Sample Preparation and Pretreatment     208
Sample Preparation for Analysis of Solids     209
Sample Preparation for ICP-MS     209
Trace Matrix Separation and Preconcentration Steps     211
References     212
Mass Spectrometric Techniques for Analysis of Gaseous Materials and Volatile Compounds     215
Sampling and Sample Preparation of Gases and Volatile Compounds     215
Applications of Inorganic Mass Spectrometry for Analysis of Gases and Volatile Compounds     216
Stable Isotope Ratio Measurements of Gases and Volatile Compounds     220
References     221
Isotope Ratio Measurements and their Application     223
Capability of Inorganic Mass Spectrometry in Isotope Ratio Measurements     226
Limits for Precision and Accuracy of Isotope Ratio Measurements and How to Solve the Problems     228
Isotope Ratio Measurements by Gas Source Mass Spectrometry     232
Isotope Ratio Measurements by Quadrupole based ICP-MS     232
Isotope Ratio Measurements by Laser Ablation ICP-MS     234
Multiple Ion Collector Mass Spectrometry for High Precision Isotope Ratio Measurements     237
Applications of Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry     239
Isotope Ratio Measurement of Long-Lived Radionuclides     241
Applications of Isotope Ratio Measurements in Geochemistry and Geochronology     246
References     250
Fields of Application in Trace, Ultratrace and Surface Analysis     255
Materials Science     256
Trace and Ultratrace (Bulk) Analysis of Metals and Alloys     260
Semiconductors     268
Ceramics, Glasses, Polymers and Other Non-conductors     272
Thin and Thick Film Analysis     277
Analysis of Surface Contamination and of Process Chemicals Used in Semiconductor Technology     287
Microlocal Analysis in Materials Research     291
Imaging by Inorganic Mass Spectrometry in Materials Science     292
References I     293
Environmental Science and Environmental Control     298
Analysis of Water Samples     300
Analysis of Air Samples, Particles and Smoke     304
Multi-elemental Analysis of Environmental Samples for Environmental Control     306
Environmental Monitoring of Selected Elements, Group Elements and Trace Element Species     306
Isotope Ratio Measurements in Environmental Samples     308
Monitoring of Radionuclides in the Environment     311
References II     313
Biology     317
Analysis of Trace Elements in Biological Samples     318
Elemental Speciation in Biological Samples     322
Analysis of Phosphorus, Metals and Metalloids Bonded to Proteins     326
Isotope Ratio Measurements of Biological Systems     331
Trace and Imaging Analysis on Biological Tissues and Single Cells     333
References III     336
Bioengineering     338
Activities in Bioengineering and Analytics     339
Nanobiotechnology     340
References IV     343
Medicine     344
Sampling, Sample Handling and Storage of Medical Samples     344
Body Fluids     345
Hair, Nail, Tooth and Bone Analysis     349
Microanalysis of Small Amounts of Medical Samples     352
P, S, Se and Metal Determination in Proteins     353
Analysis of Tissues     362
Imaging Mass Spectrometry of Medical Tissues     366
Single Cell Analysis     372
Ultrafine Particles and Health     375
References V     375
Food Analysis     380
Determination of Trace Elements and Species in Foodstuffs     381
Analysis of Mineral and Bottled Water     385
Fingerprinting of Foods by Trace Analysis and Isotope Ratio Measurements     385
References VI     386
Geology and Geochemistry     388
Sample Preparation Techniques for Geological Samples     388
Fractionation Effects in LA-ICP-MS     390
Multi-element Analysis of Geological Samples     391
Trace Analysis of Selected Elements in Geological Materials     396
Isotope Analysis Including Age Determination of Minerals and Rocks by Mass Spectrometry     398
Mass Spectrometric Microlocal and Imaging Analysis of Geological Samples     407
References VII     407
Cosmochemistry, Planetary and Space Science     410
Cosmochemical Trace Analysis     410
Isotope Analysis in Cosmochemistry     412
Cosmogenic Radionuclides and Age Dating      413
References VIII     414
Determination of Long-lived Radionuclides     415
Determination of Half-life of Long-lived Radionuclides     418
Methodological Developments and Applications of ICP-MS for Determination of Long-lived Radionuclides Including Trace/Matrix Separation     419
Ultratrace Analysis of Long-lived Radionuclides in Very Small Sample Volumes     424
Determination of Long-lived Radionuclides by LA-ICP-MS and ETV-ICP-MS     427
Particle Analysis by Inorganic Mass Spectrometry     430
References IX     431
Forensic Analysis     433
Fingerprinting in Forensic Studies     434
Multi-element Analysis for Forensic Studies     435
Trace Element Analysis of Selected Elements and Speciation     436
Nuclear Forensic Studies     437
Forensic Investigations by Isotope Ratio Measurements     438
References X     439
Study of Cluster and Polyatomic Ion Formation by Mass Spectrometry     440
Carbon and Boron Nitride Cluster Ion Formation     441
Formation of Selected Heteronuclear Cluster Ions     446
Clusters From Metal Oxide/Graphite Mixtures     446
Argon Diatomic Ions     450
Oxide Ion Formation of Long-lived Radionuclides in ICP-MS      453
References XI     455
Further Applications     456
Pharmaceutical Applications and Analysis of Drugs     457
Archaeology     457
References XII     458
Future Developments and Trends in Inorganic Mass Spectrometry     459
Appendices
Appendix I     463
Appendix II     470
Appendix III     473
Appendix IV     478
Appendix V     481
Index     483