Healthcare Knowledge Management Primer Book

List of Figures xi

List of Tables xii

Preface xiii

Acknowledgments xviii

Foreword Sir Muir Gray xx

1 What is Knowledge Management? 1

Introduction 1

Knowledge Management (KM) 1

How Did Knowledge Management Come About? 2

Key Concepts 3

Data, Information, Knowledge and Wisdom 4

The Knowledge Spiral 5

Case Exercise: The Knowledge Spiral 7

Key Role of Data and Information in Healthcare 8

Data Mining 9

Data Mining as an Enabler for Realizing the Knowledge Spiral 9

Application of Knowledge Management and Data Mining to Healthcare-A Clinical Example 10

Conclusions 11

Summary 11

Review Questions 11

Discussion Questions 12

Case Exercise: From Data to Decisions in a Radiology Department 12

Further Reading 20

References 21

2 Knowledge Strategies and Knowledge Capture 23

Introduction 23

Capturing Knowledge 24

Organizing Knowledge: A Strategic View 25

Intelligence Gathering 26

Measuring 27

Knowledge Representation 28

Knowledge Engineering and the Semantic Web 29

Case Exercise: NHS Direct 30

Conclusions and Summary 35

Review Questions 35

Discussion Questions 36

Case Exercise: Operating Room Optimization 36

Further Reading 39

References 39

3 Knowledge Tools and Techniques 41

Introduction 41

Taxonomies and Ontologies 41

Data Mining Tools and Techniques 43

Steps in Data Mining 43

Case Exercise: KM and Personal Health Records-A Malaysian Perspective 45

Business Intelligence and Analytics 50

Communities of Practice 50

Storytelling and the Power of Narrative 52

Have You Heard the One About...? 53

Social Networks (and Social Networking Sites) 56

Social Networking (Internet-based)56

Intellectual Capital 57

Knowledge Assets 57

Knowledge Nuggets 57

Conclusions 57

Summary 57

Review Questions 58

Discussion Questions 58

Case Exercise: Increasing Breast Cancer Screening Attendance in the U.K. 58

Further Reading 63

References 63

4 Knowledge Management: A Systems View 65

Introduction 65

General Systems and Hard Systems Thinking 66

Soft Systems Thinking 68

Case Exercise: Louisiana Mass Immunization Exercise (2007) 72

Case Exercise: Intervention in an Outpatient's Department 79

Critical Systems Thinking 81

Conclusions and Summary 83

Review Questions 84

Discussion Questions 84

Case Exercise: Empowering Patients: Immunizations and Knowledge-based Personal Health Records 84

Further Reading 88

References 88

5 Knowledge: The Organization, Culture and Learning 90

Introduction 90

The Learning Organization 90

The Importance of Organizational Culture 92

Organizational Culture 94

Case Exercise: KM in AMERA (The Africa Middle East Refugee Association in Cairo) 100

Socio-Technical Issues 103

Evolution of Knowledge Management Systems 109

"Double Loop" Learning 110

Case Exercise: A Knowledge-based Healthcare Resource Balancing System 113

Trends in Healthcare 117

Conceptualizing Knowledge Within Healthcare 117

Worked Example: Personalized Healthcare 118

Conclusions 121

Summary 121

Review Questions 121

Discussion Questions 121

Case Exercise: KM for Urban Health 122

Further Reading 131

References 131

6 Applying Knowledge 135

Introduction 135

Creating Value from Knowledge 135

The Intelligence Continuum 137

Clinical Example: Operating Room 140

Case Exercise: Substance Abuse Patient 141

Networkcentric Healthcare Operations 143

ICT Use in Healthcare Networkcentric Operations 145

The Health Insurance, Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) 148

Information Producers, Consumers and Information Flows Within the Healthcare System 149

Information Integrity and Quality (I*IQ) 150

Information Integrity 150

Healthcare Quality Aims 150

Populomics 151

Transdisciplinarity and the Role of Health Information Technology 153

Populomics and Knowledge Management 154

Summary and Conclusions 156

Review Questions 156

Discussion Questions 156

Case Exercise: KM and the Sociobiologic Integrative Model (SBIM) 156

Further Reading 162

References 163

Appendix A (Integrative Case Exercise): Crane Care Trust, U.K. 166

Appendix B (Integrative Case Exercise): NHS Maternity Services, U.K. 176

Epilogue 185

Glossary 186

Notes 192

Index 194