European Dictatorships 1918-1945 Book

List of illustrations

Dictatorships: comparative timeline 1918-45

Prologue: the seventeen dictatorships, 1918-45 1

1 The setting for dictatorship 5

The period before 1914 5

The impact of the First World War 8

The peace settlement and its significance 12

The crisis of democracy 15

The role of modernity 18

The economic catalyst 20

2 Types of dictatorship 25

Dictatorship as a concept 25

Totalitarian or authoritarian regimes? 26

The ideological basis of dictatorship 30

Summary 37

3 Dictatorship in Russia 39

Lenin's regime, 1917-24 39

The succession, 1924-9 58

Stalin's rule to 1941 64

Soviet foreign policy, 1918-41 88

The Great Patriotic War, 1941-5 98

1945-53: mature dictatorship? 109

Reflections on Stalin's dictatorship 116

4 Dictatorship in Italy 122

The rise of Mussolini to 1922: an outline 122

The rise of Mussolini to 1922: an explanation 124

Mussolini's dictatorship, 1922-43 132

Mussolini's foreign policy, 1922-40 157

War and collapse, 1940-5 167

The Italian Social Republic, 1943-5: a return to the beginning? 171

Reflections on Mussolini's dictatorship 173

5 Dictatorship in Germany 178

The Weimar Republic and the rise of Hitler, 1918-33 178

Explanations of the rise of Hitler 187

The Third Reich, 1933-45 197

German foreign policy, 1919-39 235

Germany at war, 1939-45 247

The Holocaust 259

Reflections on Hitler's dictatorship 271

6 Dictatorship elsewhere 278

Dictatorship in Portugal and Spain 278

Dictatorship in central and eastern Europe 301

Dictatorship in the Balkans and Turkey 317

Puppet dictatorships from democracies 341

7 Dictatorships compared 347

The role of ideology347

Leadership 349

State, party and army 351

Social control 353

Security and terror 356

Economies 359

Impact of war 361

Epilogue: Europe since 1945 366

Notes 369

Select bibliography 388

Index 394