Centuries of Childhood: A Social History of Family Life Book

Fascinating! Thorough. A lot of theory, the development of the idea of "family," the evolution of the idea of "children."

Quotes I liked:

"In the African bush, age is still quite an obscure notion, something which is not so important that one cannot forget it."

-When Francois 1 ordered all parish priests to record births and deaths in their towns, the people were hostile to the idea and did not cooperate until the 1800's. They didn't think their government had any business even knowing how many members of each family there was!

"One could leave childhood only by leaving a state of dependence." E.g. you are a boy until you are making your own living and supporting yourself, then you are a man. You can be a man at 14 or 34, it really depends on you.

-The evolution of the word child: It used to refer simply to a subordinate, like how people would call their servants "boy." Though also it should be noted that most servants were children as this was the entry level position in any career.

"The men of the tenth and eleventh centuries did not dwell on the image of childhood ... childhood was a period of transition which passed quickly and was just as quickly forgotten."

"Young and old played the same games ... games and amusements extended far beyond the furtive moments we allow them [today]: They formed one of the principal means employed by a society to draw its collective bonds closer, to feel united. There was scarcely a difference between the children's dance and that of the adults."

Then "A powerful and educated minority of rigid moralists condemned nearly all of them [games & amusements] out of hand and roundly denounced all of them as immoral, allowing scarcely any exceptions. The moral indifference of the majority and the intolerance of a prudish elite existed side by side for a long time."

"The church, enamored of order and discipline, were also eager to tame what was still a wild population, to civilize what was still a primitive way of life.... Magistrates, police officers and jurists, all enamored of order and good administration, discipline and authority, gave their support to the schoolmasters and churchmen."

"The statues of the colleges were drawn up in such a way as to limit the opportunities for recreation as much as the risks of delinquency." [Note that all recreation was delinquency, and kids started college around 14 at this time.]

[As the 1700's moved to the 1800's, instead of condemning all games (which had turned out to be impossible), the powers that be decided instead to control them--hence the creation of organized sports.] "At the close of the eighteenth century, games found another justification, this time patriotic: They prepared man for war. This was the time when training a soldier became what as virtually a scientific technique, the time to which saw the birth of modern nationalism."

"Sorel makes a distinction between parlor games, games of exercise and games of chance. The last two, he observes, are common to every sort of person, being played by valets as by masters ... as easy for the vulgar and the ignorant as for the clever and the learned. Parlor games on the other hand are games of wit and conversation. In principle they can appeal only to persons of quality, bred on civility and gallantry, quick at repartee and speeches, and full of knowledge and judgement, and cannot be played by others."

"If there is anything which is too ugly and shameful for words, it is the sight of a nobleman being defeated by a peasant, especially in wrestling."

-When games became something that adults allowed children to do but wouldn't partake in themselves, they found that: "In order to retain the favor of children, a toy must have some connection with the world of adults." Children wanted to do what the adults were doing, they didn't want to live in the separate world being created just for children, and the process of kicking them out of the adult world took centuries.

-All games were just fads, evolving and changing over time.

-Children had lived life with the adults, nothing was hidden from them, including sex. "The idea did not yet exist that references to sexual matters, even when virtually devoid of dubious meetings, could soil childish innocence, either in fact of in the opinion people had of it: nobody thought this innocence really existed."

-But then the church had to make children "innocent," so that if they died they did not go to hell.

-And moreover, "M. de Grenaille continues: 'It must not be imagined that when one speaks of childhood one is always speaking of something weak; on the contrary, I am going to show here that a condition which certain people consider contemptible is positively illustrious.' It was, in fact, at this time that people did talk of the weakness and imbecility of childhood. Hitherto they had tended to ignore childhood, as a transitional period soon finished and with no importance."

-But it turned out that children were more willing to die for God, therefore, the church concluded, there was something divinely pure about children. Man must be born pure and then corrupted by society. The idea formed then: perhaps if children were removed from society, educated, and controlled, perhaps they would stay pure all their lives! Thus began the movement to force children to be innocent, something they never really were and something they did not wish to be.

-The church decreed that children should never be left alone for a second, so that they would never do or think impure things. But, as Jaqueline Pascal wrote: "This constant supervision should be exercised gently and with a certain trustfulness calculated to make them think that one loves them, and that it is only to enjoy their company that one is with them. This makes them love this supervision rather than fear it."

-Whole families slept together until the 1700's when a massive propaganda campaign was launched to eradicate this age-old "indecent" habit. How else could you hide sex from children?

"In medieval society the idea of childhood did not exist; this is not to suggest that children were neglected, forsaken or despised."

"In order to correct the behavior of children, people must first of all understand it, and the texts of the late sixteenth century and the seventeenth century are full of comments on child psychology. The authors show a great solicitude for children, who are seen as witnesses to baptismal innocence, comparable to the angels, and close to Christ who loved them."

-"In a lot of history, children were seen as charming toys, those who first demanded that children be treated better... saw them as fragile creatures of God who needed to be both safeguarded and reformed." i.e. educated and controlled.

-Medieval schools were invented by the church. "The exercise of the priesthood still called for a minimum of knowledge: knowledge which one might call literary (the liturgical texts of the divine office) and knowledge which one might call scientific (such as the computation of Easter) or artistic (such as plain-song)." School was invented by the church as a place to train future clergy. "It is the cathedral school which is the original cell of our entire scholastic system in the West."

-It wasn't long before the wealthy sent their children to these schools so that they might know what the future bishops would know. Then various things were added to the curriculum, like grammar and philosophy. But school remained a good that was supplied by the free market. "Every master arranged his programme according to his preferences."

-School at this time was age-blind. "Their contemporaries paid little attention to their age, and considered it perfectly natural too for an adult who was anxious to learn to join a class of children, for it was the subject being taught that mattered."

-In Paris these schools were concentrated in one street, but the schools were independent of one another.

"The floor was strewn with straw, and the pupils sat on the floor…. Then the master waited for the pupils to come to him, as a shop keeper waits for customers…. Most of the pupils lived where they could, in private lodgings, several to a room. And here too, old and young were mingled together…. How could they be expected to notice the mixing of the ages when they were so indifferent to the very fact of age?"

-In the 1450's the old-type schools were replaced by "colleges." Masters were no longer allowed to teach where they liked, freedom of the pupil was no longer tolerated. Masters were now moral instructors who supervised, rather than people selling knowledge. Their job was to supervise every moment of their pupils lives, to provide their pupils with a "way of life." Age mixing didn't really work for this since older people will not allow such force and intrusion but also for the simple reason that school was an idea that was developing, the idea of graduated knowledge and learning different things at different ages was developing. Colleges began as places for poor students to live while they studied and a place to get moral guidance. They turned into boarding schools. "From then on it was no longer just a question of providing poor students with the means of living in a university town: it was also proposed to impose on them a way of life which would shield them against secular temptations, and they were submitted to a community life inspired by monastic practices and governed by perpetual statues."

-Schools taught theology, logic and grammar.

-The separation of the ages existed only in the colleges. In the society of the same period, a boy aged between thirteen and fifteen was already a full-grown man and shared in the life of his elders without causing any surprise.

-The separation of the ages began as three groups: children under 10, children from 10-15 or 18 and adults from 15 to 18 or older.

-In the 15th and 16th centuries wealthy families started sending their kids to schools, previously only future clerics went to school.

-"The new regulations… in 1501, were no longer content with fixing the general conditions of the college's life. They went into the details of everyday life and carefully laid down a daily routine…. It introduced a new concern for time, and enmeshed the pupil in a network of obligations which covered the whole day and reduced his initiative…. The change took place from regulations laying down the basic principles of a code of behavior and a way of life to regulations dictating the manner in which every party of the day was to be occupied, from a collegiate administration to an authoritarian system, from a community of masters and pupils to the strict government of pupils by masters…. But the evolution corresponded to the general movement of society, which was carrying it towards the political forms of absolutism that were taking shape in the fifteenth century, in the time of Louis XI, Commines and Machiavelli…. If this teaching order was particularly concerned to develop the spirit of obedience and gave the age-old principles of discipline a new character of semi-military efficiency…. The rule governing their colleges marks the culmination of the evolution towards an authoritarian system and the segregation of the young'though the segregation was not so complete as it would be in the nineteenth century…."

"The final establishment of a code of disciple completed an evolution which led from the medieval school, a mere classroom, to the modern college, a complex institution, designed not only for the tuition, but also for the supervision and care of youth. This evolution of the educational institution is bound up with the parallel evolution of the concepts of age and childhood."

"For a long time the curriculum and order of classes would vary from college to college. Then the colleges got together and standardized the curriculum."

-1539 text by Saint-Jérôme de Liégr: "Originally, 'each master tried to attract pupils, teaching not what was best but what gave the more pleasure, and consulting not so much the students' minds as their tastes.' These masters 'read from authors above the age of their pupils, even when these readings could prove harmful to morals and judgment.' An authority accordingly had to be imposed on these excessively independent masters."

-The concept of the family was unknown in the Middle Ages. It originated in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries and reached its full expression in the seventeenth century.

"The peaceful organs of the old Frank state were still strong enough to allow a freeman to live an independent life and to prefer, if he so wished, the company of his friends and neighbors to that of his relatives."

"In the tenth century, husband and wife had managed their own property, buying and selling separately without the other being able to interfere."

-The home becomes the social cell, the basis of the state. The wife's position starts to deteriorate in the 14th century, by the 16th century she is the property of her husband, as are the children. The man is the king of his household.

-Under the ancient regime holidays were giant, collective festivals. They became quiet family celebrations that concentrated around the children. Family feasts became children's feasts.

-The church played a big role in idealizing and encouraging the value of family.

-It's hard for us to understand what an apprenticeship in medieval times was like because life was so different: The apprentice lived with his master, there was no work day and then home life, work was life, and if the apprentice wasn't with him all the time, he would miss something. So the apprentice was similar to a servant, a private secretary, and a friend.

****"Transmission from one generation to the next was ensured by the everyday participation of children in adult life... They learned the art of living from everyday contact. In these circumstances, the child soon escaped his own family."

"The most serious shortcoming of the college is the segregation of children, which separates them from their natural social environment... The world is a great book which teaches us something every moment, and conversations are living studies which are not a whit inferior to those of books."

-In the early 1700's people became obsessed with self-improvement. "Ambition was considered a virtue. Nobody, it was felt, should be content with his lot; he should constantly think of bettering it. This eagerness to rise in the world was not seen as an appetite for pleasure and comfort but as an ideal calling for strict discipline and unflinching determination, an heroic ideal in which one can recognize the spirit of the Renaissance."

"When the Renaissance was in full boom, it was no longer in good taste to aspire too obviously to fortune or prestige. The new ideal was the search for a happy mean, a distinguished mediocrity."

-Little distinction was made between social and professional friends. Homes that housed 30 people had the parents, kids, servants, brothers, local bachelors, protoges. People lived in a big general purpose room like they did in Japan. You set up beds at one time of the day and a dinner table at another time of the day. Servants weren't lowly people. Everyone mingled together. Servants were similar to the slaves of the vikings--you commit yourself to a master, he tells you what to do and bears all the responsibility for your survival, and in turn you serve him. Servants loved their masters. They were friends.