Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry, Vol. 40 Book

Pem Fuel Cell Bipolar Plates   D. Bloomfield   V. Bloomfield
Introduction     1
NAFION MEA Based Bipolar Plate Problems     2
Polybenzimidazole/H[subscript 3]PO[subscript 4]     3
Definition     3
Separator Plate     4
Flow Field     5
Port and Port Bridges     6
Seals     7
Frame     8
Bipolar Plate Features     8
Tolerances     9
Thermal Management     9
Electrical Conduction     10
Water Management     11
Low Cost     13
Stable, Free from Corrosion Products     13
Galvanic Corrosion     13
Materials and Processes     15
Comparison of Carbon and Metal     15
Operational     16
Forming Cost     16
Carbon     18
Molded Graphite     18
Paper     19
Stamped Exfoliated Graphite (Grafoil, Graflex)     19
Metal     19
Forming Metal Bipolar Plates     20
Intrinsically Corrosion Resistant Metals     21
Direct Coatings     21
Conductive Polymer Grafting     24
References     33
Basic Applications of the Analysis of Variance and Covariance in Electrochemical Science and Engineering   Thomas Z. Fahidy
Introduction     37
Basic Principles and Notions     38
ANOVA: One-way Classification     40
Completely Randomized Experiment (CRE)     42
Randomized Block Experiment (RBE)     42
Example 1: A Historical Perspective of Caustic Soda Production     43
Example 2: Metallic Corrosion     45
ANOVA: Two-Way Classification     46
Null and Alternative Hypotheses     46
Illustration of Two-Way Classification: Specific Energy Requirement for an Electrolytic Process     47
ANOVA: Three-Way Classifications     49
ANOVA: Latin Squares (LS)     51
Applications of the Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA)     53
ANCOVA with Velocity as Single Concomitant Variable     53
Pattern A(CRE)     53
Pattern B(RBE)     56
ANCOVA with Velocity and Pressure Drop Acting as Two Concomitant Variables     58
Two Covariate-Based ANCOVA of Product Yields in a Batch and in a Flow Electrolyzer     58
Covariance Analysis for a Two-Factor, Single Cofactor CRE     60
Miscellaneous Topics      62
Estimation of the Type II Error in ANOVA     62
Hierarchical Classification     64
ANOVA-Related Random Effects     66
Introductory Concepts of Contrasts Analysis     69
Final Remarks     71
Acknowledgments     72
List of Principal Symbols     72
References     73
Nanomaterials in Li-Ion Battery Electrode Design   Charles R. Sides   Charles R. Martin
Introduction     75
Templates Used     78
Track-Etch Membranes     78
Alumina Membranes     80
Other Templates     81
Nanostructured Cathodic Electrode Materials     83
Electrode Fabrication     84
Nanostructured Electrode     84
Control Electrodes     85
Structural Investigations     86
Electrochemical Characterization     87
Cyclic Voltammetry     87
Rate Capabilities     89
Nanostructured Anodic Electrodes     91
Electrode Fabrication     92
Nanostructured Electrodes     92
Control Electrodes     92
Structural Investigations     93
Electrochemical Investigations      95
Nanoelectrode Applications     97
Low-Temperature Performance     97
Electrode Fabrication     97
Strategy     98
Electrochemical Results     99
Electronic Conductivity     101
Cycle Life     102
Variations on a Synthetic Theme     102
Nanocomposite of LiFePO[subscript 4]/Carbon     102
Improving Volumetric Capacity     109
Carbon Honeycomb     117
Preparation of Honeycomb Carbon     118
Electrochemical Characterization     121
Conclusions     123
Acknowledgements     123
References     124
Direct Methanol Fuel Cells: Fundamentals, Problems and Perspectives   Keith Scott   Ashok K. Shukla
Introduction     127
Operating Principle of the SPE-DMFC     128
Electrode Reaction Mechanisms in SPE-DMFCs     132
Anodic Oxidation of Methanol     132
Cathodic Reduction of Oxygen     139
Materials for SPE-DMFCS     140
Catalyst Materials     140
Anode Catalysts     140
Oxygen Reduction Catalysts     149
Membrane Materials     156
Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Performance     163
DMFC Stack Performance     175
Alternative Catalysts and Membranes in the DMFC     178
Alkaline Conducting Membrane and Alternative Oxidants     183
Conventional vs. Mixed-Reactant SPE-DMFCs     185
Mathematical Modelling of the DMFC     192
Methanol Oxidation     195
Empirical Models for Cell Voltage Behaviour     198
Membrane Transport     202
Effect of Methanol Crossover on Fuel Cell Performance     204
Mass Transport and Gas Evolution     205
DMFC Electrode Modelling     209
Cell Models     210
Single Phase Flow     212
Two-and Three-Dimensional Modelling     213
Dynamics and Modelling     215
Stack Hydraulic and Thermal Models     215
Conclusions     216
List of Symbols     217
References     218
Review of Direct Methanol Fuel Cells   Brenda L. Garcia   John W. Weidner
Introduction     229
Anode Kinetics     232
Reaction Mechanism     232
Methanol Oxidation Catalysts     233
Platinum and Platinum Catalyst Structure     233
Platinum and Platinum Alloy Catalyst Performance     240
Oxygen Reduction Reaction Catalysts     247
High Temperature Membranes     248
Methanol Crossover     253
Magnitude of Crossover     253
Effect of CO[subscript 2] Crossover     258
Mixed-Potential Effects     260
Novel Membranes to Reduce Methanol Crossover     261
DMFC Modeling Review     264
One-Dimensional Models     265
Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Models     273
Summary     278
References     280
Direct Numerical Simulation of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Catalyst Layers   Partha P. Mukherjee   Guoqing Wang   Chao-Yang Wang
Introduction     285
Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) Approach     288
Advantages and Objectives of the DNS Approach     289
DNS Model - Idealized 2-D Microstructure     290
Three-Dimensional Regular Microstructure     293
Results and Discussion     299
2-D Model: Kinetics- vs. Transport-Limited Regimes     299
Comparison of the Polarization Curves between 2-D and 3-D Simulations     304
Three-Dimensional Random Microstructure     305
Random Structure      306
Structural Analysis and Identification     307
Governing Equations     311
Boundary Conditions     314
Results and Discussion     316
DNS Model - Water Transport     320
Water Transport Mechanism     321
Mathematical Description     323
Results and Discussion     327
Inlet-Air Humidity Effect     327
Water Crossover Effect     330
Optimization of Catalyst Layer Compositions     331
3-D Correlated Microstructure     333
Stochastic Generation Method     333
Governing Equations, Boundary Conditions and Numerical Procedure     334
Results and Discussion     337
Conclusions     340
Acknowledgements     340
References     341
Index     343