Light Absorption in Sea Water Book

Introduction: Absorption of Sunlight in the Ocean     1
Inflow and Absorption of Sunlight in the Ocean     1
Case 1 and Case 2 Waters     6
The Light Absorption Coefficient and its Components in Sea Water     7
Light Absorption by Water Molecules and Inorganic Substances Dissolved in Sea Water     11
Light Absorption Spectra of Small Molecules Such as Water: Physical Principles     11
Vibrational-Rotational Absorption Spectra     13
Electronic Absorption Spectra     28
The Absorption of Light and Other Electromagnetic Radiation in Pure Liquid Water and Ice     44
Physical Mechanisms of Absorption     45
The Absorption of Electromagnetic Radiation in Pure Liquid Water     52
The Absorption of Electromagnetic Radiation in Ice     64
Light Absorption by Atoms, Sea-Salt Ions and Other Inorganic Substances Dissolved in Sea Water     73
Dissolved Gases     75
Salts     75
Inorganic Complex Ions     80
The Interaction of Light with Organic Molecules Present in Sea Water: Physical Principles     82
The Characteristic Absorption Properties of Simple Chromophores in Organic Molecules     82
The Absorption Properties of Complex Organic Molecules with Conjugated [pi]-Electrons     93
Linear Polyenes     93
Cyclic Polyenes     100
Mixed Conjugations ([pi]- and n-Electron) and Photosynthetic Pigments     101
The Influence of Auxochromic Groups and Complexes on the Optical Properties of Organic Compounds in the Sea     105
Intramolecular Interactions     106
The Solvent Effect     108
Organometallic Complexes     109
Charge-Transfer Complexes     110
Light Absorption by Dissolved Organic Matter (DOM) in Sea Water     112
Classification, Origin and General Characteristics of Light Absorption by the Principal Groups of Organic Absorbers in Sea Water     115
Occurrence and Origin of Organic Matter in the Ocean     115
Principal Organic Absorbers of Light in the Ocean     119
Analysis of the Conditions Governing UV-VIS Absorption by the Principal Organic Absorbers in the Sea     121
Amino acids and their Derivatives     121
Peptides and Proteins     129
Purines, Pyrimidines and Nucleic Acids     133
Lignins     138
Colored Dissolved Organic Matter (CDOM)     139
The Total Absorption of UV-VIS Radiation by All Organic Substances Dissolved in Sea Water     152
Fine Spectral Structure     155
Absolute Magnitudes of Absorption Coefficients     160
The Slopes of Absorption Spectra     163
Light Absorption by Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) in Sea Water     167
The Optical Properties of Dispersing Media: Theoretical Principles     169
The Packaging Effect: What is it and How Does it Manifest Itself?     170
Light Absorption in Polydispersing Media: A Quantum-Mechanical - Electrodynamic Description     172
Elements of Mie Theory     175
Some Theoretical Optical Characteristics of Suspended Particles     181
Suspended Particulate Matter in the Sea: Nature, Origins, Chemical, and Physical Properties     184
Suspended Particulate Matter in the Sea: Main Types, Origins, and Resources     184
The Chemical Composition and Optical Constants of Mineral Particles     197
The Chemical Composition and Optical Constants of the Planktonic Components of Organic Particles     206
The Chemical Composition and Optical Constants of Organic Detritus     228
Sizes and Shapes of Particles     252
Light Absorption Properties of Nonalgal Particles: Results of Empirical Studies     271
Light Absorption Spectra of All Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) and Nonalgal Particles: General Characteristics     272
Spectra of the Mass-Specific Light Absorption Coefficients of Nonalgal Particles      280
Parameterization of the Particulate Matter Spectra for Oceanic Case 1 Waters     291
Light Absorption by Phytoplankton in the Sea     295
Abiotic Factors Governing Light Absorption by Phytoplankton in the Sea     296
The Trophicity of Marine Basins: A Factor Governing The Resources of Algae and Light Absorption     298
The Light Field: A Factor Governing the Composition of Light-Absorbing Pigments in Cells     301
Phytoplankton Pigments and their Electronic Absorption Spectra in the Visible Region     311
The Role of Phytoplankton and the Main Types of Phytoplankton Pigments     311
The Chemical Structure of Pigments     315
The Individual Absorption Properties of Pigment Extracts     320
The Individual Absorption Properties of Pigments in Vivo     323
The Native Forms of Chlorophyll Pigments     328
Phytoplankton Resources and Chlorophyll a Concentrations in Oceans and Seas     331
The Principal Natural Factors Governing Phytoplankton Resources in the World Ocean     332
The Distribution of Chlorophyll in the World Ocean     334
Vertical Distributions of Chlorophyll a in the Sea     337
Statistical Formulas Describing the Vertical Distributions of Chlorophyll Concentration     341
The Composition of Chlorophyll a and Accessory Pigments in Marine Algae     343
Pigment Compositions Characteristic of Various Classes of Phytoplankton     343
Pigment Compositions in Natural Plant Communities, in Different Types of Sea and at Different Depths     346
Photoadaptation and Chromatic Adaptation; Model Descriptions of Pigment Concentrations in Different Seas     350
The Packaging Effect of Pigments in Marine Phytoplankton Cell     354
An Approximate Formal Description of the Packaging Effect for Marine Phytoplankton     355
The Product C[subscript chl] D for Phytoplankton in Different Types of Seas: A Preliminary Statistical Description     360
Total Light Absorption by Marine Algae: Results of Empirical Studies     362
Methodological Problems     362
Light Absorption Spectra of Phytoplankton: A General Outline     366
Light Absorption Spectra of Phytoplankton: Fine Structure     368
Absolute Values of Total and Specific Absorption Coefficients     370
Model Descriptions of the Absorption Properties of Marine Phytoplankton: A Review     376
The Principal Model Descriptions of Light Absorption by Phytoplankton     377
Classical Models     378
Single-Component, Nonhomogeneous Models     379
The Multicomponent, Homogeneous Model     382
The Multicomponent, Nonhomogeneous Model     383
Complex Utilitarian Models     387
Modeled Absorption Properties of Algae in Different Types of Sea     389
References     395
Subject Index     429
List of Symbols and Abbreviations     443