Principles of Cost Accounting Book

1 Introduction to Cost Accounting 1

Uses of Cost Accounting Information 4

Determining Product Costs and Pricing, Planning and Control

Professional Ethics, CMA Certification, and Corporate Governance 9

Relationship of Cost Accounting to Financial and Management Accounting 10

Costs of Goods Sold, Inventories

Elements of Manufacturing Costs 15

Direct Materials, Direct Labor, Factory Overhead, Summary of Manufacturing Costs, Flow of Costs

Illustration of Accounting for Manufacturing Costs 18

Cost Accounting Systems 27

Special Order, Continuous or Mass Production, Combination of Systems, Standard Costing

Illustration of a Job Order Cost System 30

Work in Process in the Manufacturing Statement

IMA Statement of Ethical Professional Practice 36

Principles, Standards, Resolution of Ethical Conflict

2 Accounting for Materials 63

Materials Control 64

Physical Control of Materials, Controlling the Investment in Materials

Materials Control Procedures 70

Materials Control Personnel, Control during Procurement, Control during Storage and Issuance

Accounting for Materials 79

Determining the Cost of Materials Issued, Accounting Procedures

Just-in-Time Materials Control 91

JIT and Cost Control, JIT and Cost Flows

Scrap, Spoiled Goods, and Defective Work 97

Scrap Materials, Spoiled and Defective Work

3 Accounting for Labor 123

Wage Plans 125

Hourly Rate Plan, Piece-Rate Plan, Modified Wage Plans

Controlling Labor Cost 128

Labor Time Records, Payroll Function

Accounting for Labor Costs and Employers' Payroll Taxes 132

Employers' Payroll Taxes, Illustration of Accounting for Labor Costs

Payroll Accrual 141

Special Labor Cost Problems144

Shift Premium, Employee Pension Costs, Bonuses, Vacation and Holiday Pay, Accounting for Bonuses, Vacations, and Holiday Pay

4 Accounting for Factory Overhead 169

Identifying Cost Behavior Patterns 170

Analyzing Semivariable Factory Overhead Costs 172

Observation Method, High-Low Method, Scattergraph Method, Limitations of High-Low and Statistical Scattergraph Methods, Least-Squares Regression Method

Budgeting Factory Overhead Costs 179

Accounting for Actual Factory Overhead 180

Factory Overhead Analysis Spreadsheets, Schedule of Fixed Costs, General Factory Overhead Expenses, Summary of Factory Overhead

Distributing Service Department Expenses 185

Applying Factory Overhead to Production 192

Direct Labor Cost Method, Direct Labor Hour Method, Machine Hour Method, Activity-based Costing Method

Accounting for Actual and Applied Factory Overhead 198

5 Process Cost Accounting-General Procedures 237

Comparison of Basic Cost Systems 238

Materials and Labor Costs, Factory Overhead Costs

Product Cost in a Process Cost System 239

Nondepartmentalized Factory, Departmentalized Factory

Work in Process Inventories 240

Cost of Production Summary-One Department, No Beginning Inventory 244

Cost of Production Summary-One Department, Beginning Inventory 247

Cost of Production Summary-Multiple Departments, No Beginning Inventory 250

Cost of Production Summary-Multiple Departments, Beginning Inventory 259

Changes in Prior Department's Unit Transfer Costs 266

6 Process Cost Accounting-Additional Procedures; Accounting for Joint Products and By-Products 287

Equivalent Production-Materials Not Uniformly Applied 288

Illustrative Problem No. 1, Illustrative Problem No. 2, Illustrative Problem No. 3

Units Lost in Production 296

Units Gained in Production 298

Equivalent Production-First-In, First-Out Method 299

Illustrative Problem No. 1, Illustrative Problem No. 2

Joint Products and By-Products 309

Accounting for Joint Products, Accounting for By-Products

7 The Master Budget and Flexible Budgeting 337

Principles of Budgeting 338

Preparing the Master Budget 338

Sales Budget, Production Budget, Direct Materials Budget, Direct Labor Budget, Factory Overhead Budget, Cost of Goods Sold Budget, Selling and Administrative Expenses Budget, Budgeted Income Statement, Other Budgets, Evaluating Budget Performance

Flexible Budgeting 350

Preparing the Flexible Budget, Preparing a Performance Report Based on Flexible Budgeting

Preparing the Flexible Budget for Factory Overhead 355

Using the Flexible Budget, Semifixed and Semivariable Costs, Service Department Budgets and Variances, Summary of the Budgeting Process

8 Standard Cost Accounting-Materials, Labor, and Factory Overhead 379

Types of Standards 381

Standard Cost Procedures 381

Determination of Standard Costs for Materials and Labor, Recording Standard Costs for Materials and Labor

Determination of Variances 384

Alternative Method of Recording Materials Cost

Accounting for Variances 389

Alternative Method of Recording Materials Cost, Disposition of Standard Cost Variances

Interpreting Variances 392

Features of Standard Cost Accounting 397

Illustration of Standard Cost in a Departmentalized Factory 398

Analysis of Factory Overhead Standard Cost Variances 405

Two-Variance Method of Analysis 406

Four-Variance and Three-Variance Methods of Analysis 412

Four-Variance Method of Analysis 412

Three-Variance Method of Analysis 414

9 Cost Accounting for Service Businesses and the Balanced Scorecard 447

Job Order Costing for Service Businesses 448

Job Cost Sheet for a Service Business, Choosing the Cost Allocation Base, Tracing Direct Costs to the Job, Cost Performance Report

Budgeting for Service Businesses 451

The Revenue Budget, The Labor Budget, The Overhead Budget, The Other Direct Expenses Budget, The Budgeted Income Statement

Activity-Based Costing in a Service Firm 455

Converting Indirect Costs to Direct Costs, Multiple Indirect Cost Pools, Job Cost Sheet-Activity-Based Costing

Allocations Using Simplified Costing Versus Activity-Based Costing 459

The Balanced Scorecard 463

The Four Categories of a Balanced Scorecard, Guidelines for a Good Balanced Scorecard,

The Balanced Scorecard Illustrated

10 Cost Analysis for Management Decision Making 481

Variable Costing and Absorption Costing 482

Product Costs Versus Period Costs, Illustration of Variable and Absorption Costing Methods

Merits and Limitations of Variable Costing 486

Segment Reporting for Profitability Analysis 488

Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis 491

Break-even Analysis, Break-even Chart, Break-even Analysis for Management Decisions,

Effect of Sales Mix on Break-even Analysis

Contribution Margin Ratio and Margin of Safety 499

Effect of Income Tax on Break-even Point and Net Income 501

Differential Analysis 502

Accept or Reject a Special Order, Make or Buy

Distribution Costs 505

Glossary 531

Index 543