Chemistry: A Molecular Approach Book

Chapter 1

Matter, Measurement, and Problem Solving

1.1 Atoms and Molecules

1.2 The Scientific Approach to Knowledge

The Nature of Science: Thomas S. Kuhn and Scientific Revolutions

1.3 The Classification of Matter

The States of Matter: Solid, Liquid and Gas

Classifying Matter According to Its Composition: Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures

Separating Mixtures

1.4 Physical and Chemical Changes and Physical and Chemical Properties

1.5 Energy: A Fundamental Part of Physical and Chemical Change

1.6 The Units of Measurement

A Meter: A Measure of Length

The Kilogram: A Measure of Mass

The Second: A Measure of Time

The Kelvin: A Measure of Temperature

Prefix Multipliers

Derived Units: Volume and Density

Calculating Density

Chemistry and Medicine: Bone Density

1.7 The Reliability of a Measurement

Counting Significant Figures

Exact Numbers

Significant Figures in Calculations

Precision and Accuracy

Chemistry in Your Day: Integrity in Data Gathering

1.8 Solving Chemical Problems

Converting From One Unit to Another

General Problem-Solving Strategy

Units Raised to a Power

Order of Magnitude Estimations

Problems Involving an Equation

Chapter 2

Atoms and Elements

2.1 Imaging and Moving Individual Atoms

2.2 Early Ideas about the Building Blocks of Matter

2.3 Modern Atomic Theory and the Laws That Led to It

The Law of Conservation of Mass

The Law of Definite Proportions

The Law of Multiple Proportions

John Dalton and The Atomic Theory

Chemistry in Your Day: Atoms and Humans

2.4 The Discovery of the Electron

Cathode Rays

Millikan’s Oil Drop Experiment: The Charge of the Electron

2.5 The Structure of The Atom

2.6 Subatomic Particles: Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons in Atoms

Elements: Defined by Their Number of Protons

Isotopes: When the Number of Neutrons Varies

Ions: Losing and Gaining Electrons

2.7 Finding Patterns: The Periodic Law and the Periodic Table

Ions and The Periodic Table

Chemistry and Medicine: The Elements of Life

2.8 Atomic Mass: The Average Mass of an Element’s Atoms

Mass Spectrometry: Measuring the Mass of Atoms and Molecules

2.9 Molar Mass: Counting Atoms by Weighing Them

The Mole: A Chemist’s “Dozen”

Converting between Number of Moles and Number of Atoms

Converting between Mass and Amount (Number of Moles)

Chapter 3

Molecules, Compounds and Chemical Equations

3.1 Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Water

3.2 Chemical Bonds

3.3 Representing Compounds: Chemical Formulas and Molecular Models

Types of Chemical Formulas

Molecular Models

3.4 An Atomic-Level Perspective of Elements and Compounds

3.5 Ionic Compounds: Formulas and Names

Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds

Naming Ionic Compounds

Naming Binary Ionic Compounds

Naming Binary Ionic Compounds Containing a Metal that Forms More than One Kind of Cation

Naming Ionic Compounds Containing Polyatomic Ions

Hydrated Ionic Compounds

3.6 Molecular Compounds: Formulas and Names

Naming Molecular Compounds

Naming Acids

Naming Binary Acids

Naming Oxyacids

Chemistry in the Environment: Acid Rain

3.7 Formula Mass and The Mole Concept for Compounds

Molar Mass of a Compound

Using Molar Mass to Count Molecules by Weighing

3.8 Composition of Compounds

Mass Percent Composition as a Conversion Factor

Conversion Factors from Chemical Formulas

Chemistry and Medicine: Methylmercury in Fish

3.9 Determining a Chemical Formula from Experimental Data

Calculating Molecular Formulas for Compounds

Combustion Analysis

3.10 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations

How to Write Balanced Chemical Equations

3.11 Organic Compounds (optional section)

Hydrocarbons

Functionalized Hydrocarbons

Chapter 4

Chemical Quantities and Aqueous Reactions

4.1 Global Warming and the Combustion of Fossil Fuels

4.2 Reaction Stoichiometry: How Much Carbon Dioxide?

Making Pizza: The Relationship among Ingredients

Making Molecules: Mole-to-Mole Conversions

Making Molecules: Mass-to-Mass Conversions

4.3 Limiting Reactant, Theoretical Yield, and Percent Yield

Limiting Reactant, Theoretical Yield, and Percent Yield From Initial Reactant Masses

Chemistry in the Environment: MTBE in Gasoline

4.4 Solution Concentration and Solution Stoichiomentry

Using Molarity in Calculations

Solution Dilution

Solution Stoichiomentry

4.5 Types of Aqueous Solutions and Solubility

Electrolyte and Nonelectrolyte Solutions

The Solubility of Ionic Compounds

4.6 Precipitation Reactions

4.7 Representing Aqueous Reactions: Molecular, Ionic, and Complete Ionic Equations

4.8 Acid-Base and Gas-Evolution Reactions

Acid-Base Reactions

Acid-Base Titrations

Gas-Evolution Reactions

4.9 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

Oxidation States

Identifying Redox Reactions

Chemistry in Your Day: Bleached Blonde

Combustion Reactions

Chapter 5

Gases

5.1 Water from Wells: Atmospheric Pressure at Work

5.2 Pressure: The result of Molecular Collisions

Pressure Units

The Manometer: A Way to Measure Pressure in the Laboratory

Chemistry and Medicine: Blood Pressure

5.3 The Simple Gas Laws: Boyle’s Law, Charles’s Law and Avogadro’s Law

Boyle’s Law: Volume and Pressure

Chemistry in Your Day: Extra-Long Snorkels

Charles’s Law: Volume and Temperature

Avogadro’s Law: Volume and Amount (in Moles)

5.4 The Ideal Gas Law

5.5 Applications of the Ideal Gas Law: Molar Volume, Density and Molar Mass of a Gas

Molar Volume at Standard Temperature and Pressure

Density of a Gas

Molar Mass of a Gas

5.6 Mixtures of Gases and Partial Pressures

Deep Sea Diving and Partial Pressure

Collecting Gases Over Water

5.7 Gases in Chemical Reactions: Stoichiometry Revisited

Molar Volume and Stoichiometry

5.8 Kinetic Molecular Theory: A Model for Gases

Kinetic Molecular Theory and the Ideal Gas Law

Temperature and Molecular Velocities

5.9 Mean Free Path, Diffusion, and Effusion of Gases

5.10 Real Gases: The Effects of Size and Intermolecular Forces

The Effect of the Finite Volume of Gas Particles

The Effect of Intermolecular Forces

Van der Waal’s Equation

Real Gases

5.11 Chemistry of the Atmosphere: Air Pollution and Ozone Depletion

Air Pollution

Ozone Depletion

Chapter 6

Thermochemistry

6.1 Light the Furnace: The Nature of Energy and Its Transformations

The Nature of Energy: Key Definitions

Units of Energy

6.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics: There Is No Free Lunch

Chemistry in Your Day: Redheffer’s Perpetual Motion Machine

Internal Energy

6.3 Quantifying Heat and Work

Heat

Work: Pressure-Volume Work

6.4 Measuring DE for Chemical Reactions: Constant-Volume Calorimetry

6.5 Enthalpy: The Heat Evolved in a Chemical Reaction at Constant Pressure

Exothermic and Endothermic Processes: A Molecular View

Stoichiometry Involving DH: Thermochemical Equations

6.6 Constant Pressure Calorimetry: Measuring DH_rxn

6.7 Relationships Involving DH_rxn

6.8 Enthalpies of Reaction from Standard Heats of Formation

Standard States and Standard Enthalpy Changes

Calculating The Standard Enthalpy Change for a Reaction

6.9 Energy Use and The Environment

Environmental Problems Associated With Fossil Fuel Use

Chemistry and The Environment: Renewable Energy

Chapter 7

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of the Atom

7.1 Quantum Mechanics: A Theory That Explains the Behavior of the Absolutely Small

7.2 The Nature of Light

The Wave Nature of Light

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

Chemistry and Medicine: Radiation Treatment for Cancer

Interference and Diffraction

The Particle Nature of Light

7.3 Atomic Spectroscopy and the Bohr Model

Chemistry in Your Day: Atomic Spectroscopy, a Bar Code for Atoms

7.4 The Wave Nature of Matter: The de Broglie Wavelength, t he Uncertainty Principle, and Probability

The de Broglie Wavelength

The Uncertainty Principle

Indeterminacy and Probability Distribution Maps

7.5 Quantum Mechanics and the Atom

Solutions to the Schrödinger Equation for the Hydrogen Atom

Atomic Spectroscopy Explained

7.6 The Shapes of Atomic Orbitals

p Orbitals (l = 1)

d Orbitals (l = 2)

f Orbitals (l = 3)

Chapter 8

Periodic Properties of the Elements

8.1 Nerve Signal Transmission

8.2 The Development of the Periodic Table

8.3 Electron Configurations: How Electrons Occupy Orbitals

Electron Spin and the Pauli Exclusion Principle

Sublevel Energy Splitting in Multi-electron Atoms

Electron Configurations for Multi-electron Atoms

8.4 Electron Configurations, Valence Electrons, and The Periodic Table

Orbital Blocks in the Periodic Table

Writing and Electron Configuration for an Element from Its position in The Periodic Table

The Transition and Inner Transition Elements

8.5 The Explanatory Power of the Quantum-Mechanical Model

8.6 Periodic Trends in the Size of Atoms and Effective Nuclear Charge

Effective Nuclear Charge

Atomic Radii and the Transition Elements

8.7 Ions: Electron Configurations, Magnetic Properties, Ionic Radii, and Ionization Energy

Electron Configurations and Magnetic Properties of Ions

Ionic Radii

Ionization Energy

Trends in First Ionization Energy

Exceptions to Trends in First Ionization Energy

Trends in Second and Successive Ionization Energies

8.8 Electron Affinities and Metallic Character

Electron Affinity

Metallic Character

8.9 Some Examples of Periodic Chemical Behavior: The Alkali Metals, The Halogens and The Noble Gases

The Alkali Metals (Group 1A)

The Halogens (Group 7A)

Chemistry and Medicine: Potassium Iodide in Radiation Emergencies

The Noble Gases (Group 8A)

Chapter 9

Chemical Bonding I: Lewis Theory

9.1 Bonding Models and AIDS Drugs

9.2 Types of Chemical Bonds

9.3 Representing Valance Electrons with Dots

9.4 Ionic Bonding: Lewis Structures and Lattice Energies

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

Lattice Energy: The Rest of the Story

The Born-Haber Cycle

Trends in Lattice Energies: ion Size

Trends in Lattice Energies: Ion Charge

Ionic Bonding: Models and Reality

Chemistry and Medicine: Ionic Compounds as Drugs

9.5 Covalent Bonding: Lewis Structure

Single Covalent Bonds

Double and Triple Covalent Bonds

Covalent Bonding: Models and Reality

9.6 Electronegativity and Bond Polarity

Electronegativity

Bond Polarity, Dipole Moment, and Percent Ionic Character

9.7 Lewis Structures of Molecular Compounds and Polyatomic Ions

Writing Lewis Structures for Molecular Compounds

Writing Lewis Structures for Polyatomic Ions

9.8 Resonance and Formal Charge

Resonance

Formal Charge

9.9 Exceptions to the Octet Rule: Odd Electron Species, Incomplete Octets, and Expanded Octets

Odd Electron Species

Chemistry and the Environment: Free Radicals and the Atmospheric Vacuum Cleaner

Incomplete Octets

Expanded Octets

9.10 Bond Energies and Bond Lengths

Bond Energy

Using Bond Energies to Estimate Enthalpy Changes for Reactions

Bond Lengths

Chemistry and The Environment: The Lewis Structure of Ozone

9.11 Bonding in Metals: The Electron Sea Model

Chapter 10

Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Shapes, Valance Bond Theory, and Molecular Orbital Theory

10.1 Artificial Sweeteners: Fooled by Molecular Shape

10.2 VSPER Theory: The Five Basic Shapes

Two Electron Groups: Linear Geometry

Three Electron Groups: Trigonal Planar Geometry

Four Electron Groups: Tetrahedral Geometry

Five Electron Groups: Octahedral Geometry

10.3 VSPER Theory: The Effect of Lone Pairs

Four Electron Groups with Lone Pairs

Five Electron Groups with Lone Pairs

Six Electron Groups with Lone Pairs

Summary of VSPER theory

10.4 VSPER Theory: Predicting Molecular Geometries

Predicting the Shapes of Larger Molecules

10.5 Molecular Shape and Polarity

Chemistry in Your Day: How Soap Works

10.6 Valence Bond Theory: Orbital Overlap as a Chemical Bond

10.7 Valence Bond Theory: Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals

sp² Hybridization and Double Bonds

Everryday Chemistry: The Chemistry of Vision

sp Hybridization and Triple Bonds

sp³d and sp³d² Hybridization

Writing Hybridization and Bonding Schemes

10.8 Molecular Orbital Theory: Electron Delocalization

Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals (LCAO)

Main Ideas in Applying LCAO-MO Theory

Period Two Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules

Period Two Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecules

Polyatomic Molecules

Chapter 11

Liquids, Solids, and Intermolecular Forces

11.1 Climbing Geckos and Intermolecular Forces

11.2 Solids, Liquids, and Gases: A Molecular Comparison

Changes Between Phases

11.3 Intermolecular Forces: The Forces that Hold Condensed Phases Together

Dispersion Force

Dipole-Dipole Force

Hydrogen Bonding

Ion-dipole Force

Chemistry and Medicine: Hydrogen Bonding in DNA

11.4 Intermolecular Forces in Action: Surface Tension, Viscosity, and Capillary Action

Surface Tension

Viscosity

Chemistry in Your Day: Viscosity and Motor Oil

Capillary Action

11.5 Vaporization and Vapor Pressure

The Process of Vaporization

The Energetics of Vaporization

Vapor Pressure and Dynamic Equilibrium

Temperature Dependence of Vapor Pressure and Boiling Point

The Clausius Clapeyron Equation

The Critical Point: The Transition to an Unusual Phase of Matter

11.6 Sublimation and Fusion

Sublimation

Fusion

Energetics of Melting and Freezing

11.7 Heating Curve for Water

11.8 Phase Diagrams

The Major Features of a Phase Diagram

Navigation Within a Phase Diagram

The Phase Diagrams of Other Substances

11.9 Water: An Extraordinary Substance

Chemistry in the Environment: Water Pollution

11.10 Crystalline Solids: Determining Their Structure by X-Ray Crystallography

11.11 Crystalline Solids: Unit Cells and Basic Structures

Simple Cubic Unit Cell

Close-Packed Structures

11.12 Crystalline Solids: The Fundamental Types

Molecular Solids

Ionic Solids

Atomic Solids

11.13 Crystalline Solids: Band Theory

Doping: Controlling the Conductivity of Semiconductors

Chapter 12

Solutions

12.1 Thirsty Solutions: Why You Should Not Drink Seawater

12.2 Types of Solutions and Solubility

Nature’s Tendency Toward Mixing: Entropy

The Effect of Intermolecular Forces

12.3 Energetics of Solution Formation

Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration

12.4 Solution Equilibrium and Factors Affecting Solubility

The Temperature Dependence of the Solubility of Solids

Factors Affecting the Solubility of Gases in Water

Chemistry in the Environment: Lake Nyos

12.5 Expressing Solution Concentration

Molarity

Molality

Parts by Mass and Parts by Volume

Mole Fraction and Mole Percent

12.6 The Vapor Pressure of a Solution

Ionic Solutes and Vapor Pressure

Ideal and Non-Ideal Solutions

12.7 Freezing Point Depression, Boiling Point Elevation, and Osmosis

Freezing Point Depression

Chemistry in Your Day: Antifreeze in Frogs

Boiling Point Elevation

Osmosis

Colligative Properties of Ionic Solutions

Colligative Properties and Medical Solutions

12.8 Colloids

Chapter 13

Chemical Kinetics

13.1 Catching Lizards

13.2 Rate of a Chemical Reaction

Measuring Reaction Rates

13.3 The Rate Law: The Effect of Concentration on Reaction Rate

Determining the Order of a Reaction

Reaction Order for Multiple Reactants

13.4 The Integrated Rate Law: The Dependence of Concentration on Time

First-order Integrated Rate Law

Second-order Integrated Rate Law

Zero-order Integrated Rate Law

The Half-Life of a Reaction

First-order Reaction Half-Life

Second-order Reaction Half-Life

Zero-order Reaction Half-Life

13.5 The Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rate

Arrhenius Plots: Experimental Measurements of the Frequency Factor and the Activation Energy

The Collision Model: A Closer Look at the Frequency Factor

13.6 Reaction Mechanisms

Rate Laws for Elementary Steps

Rate-Determining Steps and Overall Reaction rate Laws

Mechanisms with a Fast Initial Step

13.7 Catalysis

Homogenous and Heterogenous Catalysis

Enzymes: Biological Catalysts

Chemistry and Medicine: Enzyme Catalysis and the Role of Chymotrypsin in Digestion

Chapter 14

Chemical Equilibrium

14.1 Fetal Hemoglobin and Equilibrium

14.2 The Concept of Dynamic Equilibrium

Chemistry and Medicine: Life and Equilibrium

14.3 The Equilibrium Constant (K)

Expressing Equilibrium Constants for Chemical Reactions

The Significance of the Equilibrium Constant

Relationships Between the Equilibrium Constant and the Chemical Equation

14.4 Expressing the Equilibrium Constant in Terms of Pressure

Units of K

14.5 Heterogenous Equilibria: Reactions Involving Solids and Liquids

14.6 Calculating the Equilibrium Constant From Measured Equilibrium Concentrations

14.7 The Reaction Quotient: Predicting the Direction of Change

14.8 Finding Equilibrium Concentrations

Simplifying Approximations in Working Equilibrium Problems

14.9 Le Châtelier’s Principle: How a System at Equilibrium Responds to Disturbances

The Effect of a Concentration Change on Equilibrium

The Effect of a Volume (or Pressure) Change on Equilibrium

The Effect of a Temperature Change on Equilibrium

Chapter 15

Acids and Bases

15.1 Heartburn

15.2 The Nature of Acids and Bases

15.3 Definitions of Acids and Bases

The Arrhenius Definition

The Brønsted-Lowry definition

15.4 Acid Strength and the Acid Dissociation Constant (K_a)

Strong Acids

Weak Acids

The acid ionization constant (K_a)

15.5 Autoionization of Water and pH

The pH Scale: A Way to Quantify Acidity and Basicity

pOH and Other p Scales

Chemistry and Medicine: Ulcers

15.6 Finding the [H₃O⁺] and pH of Strong and Weak Acid Solutions

Percent Ionization of a Weak Acid

Mixtures of Acids

A Strong Acid and a Weak Acid

A Mixture of Two Weak Acids

15.7 Base Solutions

Strong Bases

Weak Bases

Finding [OH^-] and pH of Basic Solutions

Chemistry and Medicine: What’s in my Antacid?

15.8 The Acid-Base Properties of Ions and Salts

Anions as Weak Bases

Cations as Weak Acids

Classifying Salt Solutions as Acidic, Basic, or Neutral

15.9 Polyprotic Acids

Finding the pH of Polyprotic Acid Solutions

Finding the concentration of the anions for a weak diprotic acid solutions

15.10 Acid Strength and Molecular Structure

Binary Acids

Oxyacids

15.11 Lewis Acids and Bases

Molecules that act as Lewis Acids

Cations that act as Lewis Acids

15.12 Acid rain

Effects of Acid Rain

Chapter 16

Aqueous Ionic Equilibrium

16.1 The Danger of Antifreeze

16.2 Buffers: Solutions That Resist pH Change

Calculating the pH of a Buffer Solution

The Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation

Calculating pH Changes in a Buffer Solution

Buffers Containing a Base and Its Conjugate Acid

16.3 Buffer Effectiveness: Buffer Capacity and Buffer Range

Relative Amounts of Acid and Base

Absolute concentrations of the acid and conjugate base

Buffer Range

Buffer Capacity

Chemistry and Medicine: Buffer Effectiveness in Human Blood

16.4 Titrations and pH Curves

The Titration of a Strong Acid with a Strong Base

The Titration of a Weak Acid with a Strong Base

Titration of a Polyprotic Acid

Indicators: pH-Dependent Colors

16.5 Solubility Equilibria and the Solubility Product Constant

K_sp and Molar Solubility

Chemistry in Your Day: Hard Water

K_sp and Relative Solubility

The Effect of a Common Ion on Solubility

The Effect of pH on Solubility

16.6 Precipitation

Selective Precipitation

16.7 Qualitative Chemical Analysis

Group I: Insoluble Chlorides

Group II: Acid-Insoluble Sulfides

Group III: Base-Insoluble Sulfides and Hydroxides

Group IV: Insoluble Carbonates

Group V: Alkali Metals and NH₄⁺

16.8 Complex Ion Equilibria

The Effect of Complex Ion Equilibria in Solubility

The Solubility of Amphoteric Metal Hydroxides

Chapter 17

Free Energy and Thermodynamics

17.1 Nature’s Heat Tax: You Can’t Win and You Can’t Break Even

17.2 Spontaneous and Nonspontaneous Processes

17.3 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics

Entropy

The Second Law of Thermodynamics

The Entropy Change Associated with a Change in State

17.4 Heat Transfer and Changes in the Entropy of the Surroundings

The Temperature Dependence of ΔS_surr

Quantifying Entropy Changes in the Surroundings

17.5 Gibbs Free Energy

The Effect of ΔH, ΔS, and T on Spontaneity

17.6Entropy Changes in Chemical Reactions: Calculating ΔS_rxn^°

Standard Molar Entropies (S°)and the Third Law of Thermodynamics

Relative Standard Entropies: Gases, Liquids, and Solids

Relative Standard Entropies: Molar Mass

Relative Standard Entropies: Allotropes

Relative Standard Entropies: Molecular Complexity

Relative Standard Entropies: Dissolution

Calculating the Standard Entropy Change (ΔS_rxn^°) for a Reaction

17.7 Free Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions: Calculating (ΔG_rxn^°)

Calculating Free Energy Changes using ΔG_rxn^° = ΔH_rxn^° - T ΔS_rxn^°.

Calculating ΔG_rxn^° using Tabulated Values of Free Energies of Formation

Determining ΔG_rxn^° for a Stepwise Reaction from the Changes in Free Energy for Each of the Steps

Chemistry in Your Day: Making a Nonspontaneous Process Spontaneous

Why Free Energy is “Free”

17.8 Free Energy Changers for Non-Standard States: The Relationship between ΔG_rxn^° and ΔG_rxn

The Free Energy of reaction under Nonstandard Conditions

17.9 Free Energy and Equilibrium: Relating ΔG_rxn^° to the Equilibrium Constant (K)

The Temperature Dependence of the Equilibrium Constant

Chapter 18

Electrochemistry

18.1 Pulling the Plug on the Power Grid

18.2 Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Equations

18.3 Voltaic (or Galvanic) Cells: Generating Electricity from Spontaneous Chemical Reactions

Electrochemical Cell Notation

18.4 Standard Reduction Potentials

Predicting the Spontaneous Direction of an Oxidation-Reduction Reaction

Predicting Whether a Metal Will Dissolve in Acid

18.5 Cell Potential, Free Energy, and the Equilibrium Constant

The Relationship Between ΔG^o and E^o_cell

The Relationship between E^o_cell and K

18.6 Cell Potential and Concentration

Concentration

Chemistry and Medicine: Concentration Cells in Human Nerve Cells

18.7 Batteries: Using Chemistry to Generate Electricity

Dry-Cell Batteries

Lead-Acid Storage Batteries

Other Rechargeable Batteries

Fuel Cells

Chemistry In Your Day: The Fue-Cell Breathalyzer

18.8 Electrolysis: Driving Non-spontaneous Chemical Reactions with Electricity

Predicting the Products of Electrolysis

Stoichiometry of Electrolysis

18.9 Corrosion: Undesirable Redox Reactions

Preventing Corrosion

Chapter 19

Radioactivity and Nuclear Chemistry

19.1 Diagnosing Appendicitis

19.2 The Discovery of Radioactivity

19.3 Types of Radioactivity

Alpha (α) Decay

Beta (β) Decay

Gamma (γ) Ray Emission

Postitron Emission

Electron Capture

19.4 The Valley of Stability: Predicting the Type of Radioactivity

Magic Numbers

Radioactive Decay Series

19.5 Detecting Radioactivity

19.6 The Kinetics of Radioactive Decay and Radiometric Dating

Chemistry in the Environment: Environmental Radon

The Integrated Rate Law

Radiocarbon Dating: Using Radioactivity to Measure the Age of Fossils and Artifacts

Chemistry in your Day: Radiocarbon Dating and The Shroud of Turin

Uranium-Lead Dating

The Age of the Earth

19.7 The Discovery of Fission: The Atomic Bomb and Nuclear Power

Nuclear Power: Using Fission to Generate Electricity

19.8 Converting Mass to Energy: Mass Defect and Nuclear Binding Energy

Mass Defect

19.9 Nuclear Fusion: The Power of the Sun

19.10 Nuclear Transmutation and Transuranium Elements

19.11 The Effects of Radiation on Life

Acute Radiation Damage

Increased Cancer Risk

Genetic Defects

Measuring Radiation Exposure

19.12 Radioactivity in Medicine and Other Applications

Diagnosis in Medicine

Radiotherapy in Medicine

Other Applications

Chapter 20

Organic Chemistry

20.1 Fragrances and Odor

20.2 Carbon: Why It Is Unique

Chemistry In Your Day: Vitalism and the Perceived Difference Between Organic and Inorganic

20.3 Hydrocarbons: Compounds Containing Only Carbon and Hydrocarbon

Drawing Hydrocarbon Structures

Stereo and Optical Isomerism

20.4 Alkanes: Saturated Hydrocarbons

Naming Alkanes

20.5 Alkenes and Alkynes

Naming Alkenes and Alkynes

Geometric (cis-trans) Isomerism in Alkenes

20.6 Hydrocarbon Reactions

Reactions of Alkanes

Reactions of Alkenes and Alkynes

20.7 Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Naming Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Reactions of Aromatic Compounds

20.8 Functional Groups

20.9 Alcohols

Naming Alcohols

About Alcohols

Alcohol Reactions

20.10 Aldehydes and Ketones

Naming Aldehydes and Ketones

About Aldehydes and Ketones

Aldehyde and Ketone Reactions

20.11 Carboxylic Acids and Esters

Naming Carboxylic Acids and Esters

About Carboxylic Acids and Esters

Carboxylic Acid and Ester Reactions

20.12 Ethers

Naming Ethers

About Ethers

20.13 Amines

Amine Reactions

20.14 Polymers

Chemistry in Your Day: Kevlar

Chapter 21

Biochemistry

21.1 Diabetes and the Synthesis of Human Insulin

21.2 Lipids

Fatty Acids

Fats and Oils

Chemistry and Health: Dietary Fat: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly

Other Lipids

21.3 Carbohydrates

Simple Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides and Disaccharides

Complex Carbohydrates

21.4 Proteins and Amino Acids

Amino Acids: The Building Blocks of Proteins

Peptide Bonding Between Amino Acids

Chemistry and Medicine: The Essential Amino Acids

21.5 Protein Structure

Primary Structure

Secondary Structure

Tertiary Structure

Quaternary Structure

21.6 Nucleic Acids: Blueprints for Proteins

Basic Structure of Nucleic Acids

The Genetic Code

21.7 DNA Replication, the Double Helix, and Protein Synthesis

DNA Replication and the Double Helix

Protein Synthesis

Chemistry and Medicine: The Human Genome Project

Chapter 22

Chemistry of the Nonmetals

22.1 Insulated Nanowires

22.2 The Main-Group Elements: Bonding and Properties

Atomic size and Types of Bonds

22.3 The Most Common Matter: Silicates

Quartz and Glass

Aluminosilicates

Individual Silicate Units, Silicate Chains, and Silicate Sheets

22.4 Boron: An Intersting Group 3A Element and Its Amazing Structures

Elemental Boron

Boron Compounds: Trihalides

Boron-Oxygen Compounds

Boron-Hydrogen Compounds: Boranes

22.5 Carbon, Carbides