OpenGL Programming Guide: The Official Guide to Learning OpenGL, Version 2.1 Book

Figures xxi

Tables xxv

Examples xxix

About This Guide xxxv

What This Guide Contains xxxv What's New in This Edition xxxviii What You Should Know Before Reading This Guide xxxviii How to Obtain the Sample Code xxxix Nate Robins' OpenGL Tutors xl Errata xl Style Conventions xl

Acknowledgments xliiiChapter 1: Introduction to OpenGL 1

What Is OpenGL? 2
A Smidgen of OpenGL Code 5
OpenGL Command Syntax 7
OpenGL as a State Machine 9
OpenGL Rendering Pipeline 10
OpenGL-Related Libraries 14
Animation 20

Chapter 2: State Management and Drawing Geometric Objects 27

A Drawing Survival Kit 29
Describing Points, Lines, and Polygons 37
Basic State Management 48
Displaying Points, Lines, and Polygons 50
Normal Vectors 63
Vertex Arrays 65
Buffer Objects 82
Attribute Groups 91
Some Hints for Building Polygonal Models of Surfaces 94

Chpater 3: Viewing 103

Overview: The Camera Analogy 106
Viewing and Modeling Transformations 117
Projection Transformations 133
Viewport Transformation 138
Troubleshooting Transformations 142
Manipulating the Matrix Stacks 145
Additional Clipping Planesv 149
Examples of Composing Several Transformations 152
Reversing or Mimicking Transformations 160

Chapter 4: Color 165

Color Perception 166
Computer Color 168
RGBA versus Color-Index Mode 170
Specifying a Color and a Shading Model 176

Chapter 5: Lighting 183

A Hidden-Surface Removal Survival Kit 185
Real-World and OpenGL Lighting 187
A Simple Example: Rendering a Lit Sphere 190
Creating Light Sources 194
Selecting a Lighting Model 207
Defining Material Properties 211
The Mathematics of Lighting 220
Lighting in Color-Index Mode 226

Chapter 6: Blending, Antialiasing, Fog, and Polygon Offset 229

Blending 231
Antialiasing 247
Fogv 261
Point Parameters 271
Polygon Offset v274

Chapter 7: Display Lists 277

Why Use Display Lists? 278
An Example of Using a Display List 279
Display List Design Philosophy v282
Creating and Executing a Display List 285
Executing Multiple Display v292
Managing State Variables with Display Lists 297

Chapter 8: Drawing Pixels, Bitmaps, Fonts, and Images 301

Bitmaps and Fonts 303
Images 312
Imaging Pipeline 321
Reading and Drawing Pixel Rectangles 337
Using Buffer Objects with Pixel Rectangle Data 341
Tips for Improving Pixel Drawing Rates 345
Imaging Subsetv 346

Chapter 9: Texture Mapping 369

An Overview and an Example 375
Specifying the Texture 380
Filtering 411
Texture Objects 414
Texture Functions 421
Assigning Texture Coordinates 425
Automatic Texture-Coordinate Generation 434
Multitexturing 443
Texture Combiner Functions 449
Applying Secondary Color after Texturing 455
Sprites 456
The Texture Matrix Stack 457
Depth Textures 459

Chapter 10: The Framebuffer 465

Buffers and Their Uses 468
Testing and Operating on Fragments 475
The Accumulation Bufferv 490

Chapter 11: Tessellators and Quadrics 505

Polygon Tessellation 506
Quadrics: Rendering Spheres, Cylinders, and Disks 523

Chapter 12: Evaluators and NURBS 533

Prerequisites 535
Evaluatorsv 536
The GLU NURBS Interface 550

Chapter 13: Selection and Feedback 569

Selection 570Feedbackv 591

Chapter 14: Now That You Knowv 599

Error Handling 601
Which Version Am I Using? 603
Extensions to the Standard 605
Cheesy Translucency 608
An Easy Fade Effect 608
Object Selection Using the Back Buffer 610
Cheap Image Transformation 611
Displaying Layers 612
Antialiased Characters 613
Drawing Round Points 616
Interpolating Images 616
Making Decals 616
Drawing Filled, Concave Polygons Using the Stencil Buffer 618
Finding Interference Regions 619
Shadows 621
Hidden-Line Removal 622
Texture Mapping Applications 624
Drawing Depth-Buffered Images 625
Dirichlet Domains 625
Life in the Stencil Buffer 627
Alternative Uses for glDrawPixels() and glCopyPixels() 628

Chapter 15: The OpenGL Shading Language 631

The OpenGL Graphics Pipeline and Programmable Shading 632
Using GLSL Shaders 636
The OpenGL Shading Language 644
Creating Shaders with GLSL 645
Accessing Texture Maps in Shaders 661
Shader Preprocessor 664

Appendix A: Order of Operations 679

Overview 680
Geometric Operations 681
Pixel Operations 682
Fragment Operations 683Odds and Ends 684

Appendix B: State Variables 685

The Query Commands 686
OpenGL State Variables 688

Appendix C: OpenGL and Window Systems 735

Accessing New OpenGL Functions 736
GLX: OpenGL Extension for the X Window System 737
AGL: OpenGL Extensions for the Apple Macintosh 744
PGL: OpenGL Extension for IBM OS/2 Warp 749
WGL: OpenGL Extension for Microsoft Windows 95/98/NT/ME/2000/XP 753

Appendix D: Basics of GLUT: The OpenGL Utility Toolkit 759

Initializing and Creating a Window 760
Handling Window and Input Events 761
Loading the Color Map 763
Initializing and Drawing Three-Dimensional Objects 763
Managing a Background Process 765
Running the Program 765

Appendix E: Calculating Normal Vectors 767

Finding Normals for Analytic Surfaces 769
Finding Normals from Polygonal Data 771

Appendix F: Homogeneous Coordinates and Transformation Matrices 773

Homogeneous Coordinates 774
Transformation Matrices 775

Appendix G: Programming Tips 779

OpenGL Correctness Tips 780
OpenGL Performance Tips 782
GLX Tips 784

Appendix H: OpenGL Invariance 785Appendix I: Built-In OpenGL Shading Language Variables and Functions 789

Variables 790
Built-In Functions 802

Glossary 815
Index 837