Analyzing English Grammar Book

	Preface
Chapter 1	Introduction	1
	What Is Grammar?	2
	Grammar Versus Usage	6
	Descriptive Grammars	8
	Grammatical Prototypes	10
	Learning About Grammar	13
	Aids to Learning About Language	15
	Diagramming	15
	IC Analysis	16
	Phrase Structure Trees	17
	Suggestions for Reading This Book	17
	Key Terms	18
	Endnotes	18
Chapter 2	Varieties of English	19
	Regional Dialects	21
	Social Dialects	23
	Standard American English	25
	Styles	28
	Second Language Acquisition	30
	English in an International Context	32
	Summary	35
	Key Terms	36
	Endnotes	36
Chapter 3	The Morphology of English	37
	Morphemes	38
	Allomorphs	43
	Inflectional Morphemes	43
	Noun Inflections	45
	Verb Inflections	47
	Adjective and Adverb Inflections	50
	Functional Shift	50
	Derivational Morphemes	52
	Form Classes and Structure Classes	56
	A Word About Words	57
	Summary	59
	Review Exercises	59
	Key Terms	62
Chapter 4	Form-Class Words	63
	Form and Function	64
	Forms with Overlapping Functions	65
	Nouns	66
	Prototypes and Peripheral Cases	69
	Subclasses and Features	70
	Noun Subclasses	71
	Verbs	73
	Verb Subclasses	76
	Adjectives	76
	Adjective Subclasses	79
	Adverbs	81
	Adverb Subclasses	84
	Analyzing Form and Function	85
	Comments and Suggestions	88
	Summary	91
	Review Exercises	91
	Key Terms	93
	Endnote	93
Chapter 5	Structure-Class Words	95
	Structure-Class Versus Form-Class Words	95
	Determiners	99
	Diagrams and Trees	104
	Auxiliaries	106
	Modal Auxiliaries	106
	Have	107
	Be	108
	Do	109
	Diagrams and Trees	110
	Qualifiers	111
	Diagrams and Trees	113
	Prepositions	117
	Diagrams and Trees	118
	Differences Between Prepositions and Adverbs	120
	Differences Between Prepositions and Verb Particles	121
	Differences Between Verb Particles and Adverbs	122
	Pronouns	123
	Pronouns as Noun-Phrase Substitutes	123
	Personal Pronouns	124
	Reflexive Pronouns	128
	Reciprocal Pronouns	129
	Indefinite Pronouns	130
	Conjunctions	133
	Coordinating Conjunctions	133
	Conjunctive Adverbs	136
	Subordinating Conjunctions	137
	Relatives	144
	Interrogatives	147
	Summary	148
	Review Exercises	149
	Key Terms	151
	Endnote	151
Chapter 6	Phrases	153
	Subjects and Predicates	153
	Form and Function	159
	Recognizing Phrase Types	160
	The Main Verb Phrase	166
	Creating Verb Phrases	171
	Time, Tense, and Aspect	179
	Simple Tenses	179
	Modals	180
	Finite and Nonfinite Verb Forms	180
	Compound Verb Forms-Perfect and Progressive	182
	The Meaning of Modals	188
	Other Auxiliaries	188
	Have and Be as Main Verbs	190
	Summary	192
	Review Exercises	194
	Key Terms	196
	Endnotes	196
Chapter 7	Five Basic Sentence Types	197
	Binary Structure	198
Type I	The Intransitive Type	200
Types II, III, and IV	Linking (Copular) Verbs	207
Type II	The Verb Be Requiring Adverbs of Time or Place	207
Type III	The Linking Verb Type with Adjectival Subject Complement	212
Type IV	The Linking Verb Type with Nominal Subject Complement	217
Type V	The Transitive Type	221
	Transitive Verbs with Reflexive and Reciprocal Direct Objects	225
	Transitive Verbs with Object Complements	226
	Distinguishing Between Transitive and Linking Verb Sentence Types	228
	Verbs That Function in More Than One Sentence Type	230
	Summary	233
	Review Exercises	236
	Key Terms	237
Chapter 8	Basic Sentence Transformations	239
	The Indirect Object Transformation	240
	Indirect Objects and Object Complements	243
	The Passive Transformation	246
	Direct and Indirect Objects	250
	Other Transformations	257
	Negative Sentences	258
	Negative Sentences with Auxiliary Verbs	259
	Negative Sentences with Be	260
	Negative Sentences Without Auxiliary Verbs or Be	260
	Interrogative Sentences	266
	Yes/No Questions	266
	Wh-Questions	270
	Imperative Sentences	279
	Verbs in Imperative Sentences	280
	Summary	282
	Review Exercises	282
	Key Terms	284
Chapter 9	Finite Verb Clauses, Part I: Adverbial and Adjectival Clauses	285
	Sentence Varieties	287
	Subordinate Clauses	291
	Diagramming Subordinate Clauses	295
	Subordinate Clauses That Can Function Adverbially or Adjectivally	298
	Relative Clauses	299
	Relative Clauses Within Prepositional Phrases	302
	Diagramming Relative Clauses	303
	The Omission of Relative Pronouns	308
	Relative Adverbs	310
	Relative Clauses Contrasted with Adverbial Subordinate Clauses	312
	Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Relative Clauses	315
	Summary	319
	Review Exercises	320
	Key Terms	322
	Endnote	322
Chapter 10	Finite Verb Clauses, Part II: Nominal Clauses	323
	That-Clauses	323
	Differences Between Relative Clauses and Nominal That-Clauses	326
	Appositive That-Clauses	328
	Relative Clauses and Deletion Transformations: Appositives	329
	Functions of Nominal That-Clauses	333
	Diagramming Nominal That-Clauses	334
	Interrogative Clauses	337
	Diagramming Interrogative Clauses	341
	Rhetorical Problems in Using Dependent Clauses	343
	Elliptical Dependent Clauses	346
	Nominal Clauses-The Omission of That	347
	Summary	349
	Review Exercises	349
	Key Terms	351
Chapter 11	Nonfinite Verb Phrases, Part I: Infinitive Phrases	353
	Infinitive Phrases	355
	Diagramming Infinitive Phrases	358
	Clauses Embedded Within Infinitive Phrases	362
	Passive Infinitives	363
	Infinitives Without To	365
	Functions of Infinitive Phrases	367
	Adverbial Infinitives	367
	Adjectival Infinitives	368
	Nominal Infinitives	369
	Differences Between Infinitives and Prepositional Phrases	371
	Peripheral Case-Ought To	372
	Summary	373
	Review Exercises	373
	Key Terms	376
	Endnote	376
Chapter 12	Nonfinite Verb Phrases, Part II: Participle and Gerund Phrases	377
	Present Participle Phrases	377
	Functions of Present Participle Phrases	380
	Diagramming Present Participle Phrases	381
	Differences Between Present Participles and Adjectives	386
	Gerunds	388
	Functions of Gerunds and Gerund Phrases	389
	Differences Between Gerunds and Present Participles	392
	Differences Between Gerunds and Nouns	393
	Differences Between Gerunds and Participles	394
	Past Participle Phrases	396
	Functions of Past Participle Phrases	398
	Differences Between Adjectival and Adverbial Past Participles	398
	Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Participle Phrases	399
	Differences Between Past Participles and Adjectives	402
	Nominative Absolutes	408
	Summary	410
	Review Exercises	411
	Key Terms	414
Appendix	The Sounds of American English	415
	Consonants of English	416
	Allophones	420
	Vowels of English	422
	American Pronunciation	428
	Pronunciation and Spelling	429
	Phonics and Phonemic Awareness	431
	Summary	432
	Review Exercises	432
	Key Terms	433
	Glossary	434
	Index	443