The Art of Policymaking: Tools, Techniques, and Processes in the Modern Executive Branch Book

	Preface	ix
	About the Authors	xi
	Acronyms	xiii
Chapter 1.	Introduction--Why the Policymaking Process Matters	1
	Overview of This Book	1
	Situating the Tools, Techniques, and Processes in the Existing Literature	4
	The Importance of Procedural Legitimacy in Building Policy Support	6
	Presidential Management and Procedural Legitimacy	11
	Conclusion	17
	Key Terms	17
	Review Questions	18
Part I.	The Policy Makers
Chapter 2.	The Policy Councils	19
	The Policy Councils and the Structure of the Executive Branch	19
	How the Policy Councils Operate and Why They Are Important	22
	Inside the White House Policy Councils	26
	The National Security Council	26
	The National Economic Council	29
	The Domestic Policy Council	31
	The George W. Bush Administration and the NEC and DPC	34
	Key Agencies within the Executive Office of the President	35
	The Council on Environmental Quality	35
	The Council of Economic Advisers	36
	The Office of National Drug Control Policy	36
	The Office of Science and Technology Policy	37
	Conclusion	37
	Key Terms	38
	Review Questions	38
Chapter 3.	The White House Staff	39
	Working on the White House Staff	39
	Other Key Players in the White House Office	40
	Chief of Staff	42
	The Office of Legislative Affairs	43
	The Office of Intergovernmental Affairs	44
	The Office of Political Affairs	45
	The Office of Cabinet Affairs	45
	Interaction with the Public	46
	The Office of Public Liaison	46
	The Office of Communications, the Speechwriting Office, and the Press Office	47
	The White House "Gatekeepers"	48
	The Office of Scheduling and Oval Office Operations	49
	The Staff Secretary	50
	The White House Counsel	51
	Conclusion	52
	Key Terms	52
	Review Questions	53
Chapter 4.	Agencies and Policy Implementation	54
	Executive Agencies and Departments and Executive Branch Policy Making	54
	The Role of Agencies	55
	Implementing Policy Decisions	59
	Executive Orders and Other Executive Actions	59
	Submitting Legislation	61
	Regulations and the Rule-making Process	62
	Conclusion	68
	Key Terms	68
	Review Questions	69
Part II.	Tools of the Trade
Chapter 5.	Policy-making Memoranda	70
	The Tools of Policy Making	70
	The Role of Memoranda	72
	The Decision-making Memorandum	73
	The Action-forcing Event	74
	Background Information and Analysis	76
	Policy Options	76
	Recommendation	77
	Decision	77
	The Information Memoranda	79
	Summary Section	80
	Discussion Section	80
	The Weekly Report	80
	Conclusion	82
	Key Terms	83
	Review Questions	84
Chapter 6.	Polling and the Policy-making Process	85
	Polling and Policy Making: Myths and Realities	85
	Polling Basics	89
	The Questions	91
	The Respondents	93
	The Results	95
	Who Polls for the White House	96
	The Role of the Office of Political Affairs	98
	When to Poll Policy Ideas	100
	Conclusion	101
	Key Terms	102
	Review Questions	102
Chapter 7.	Legislative Clearance and Coordination: SAPs, LRMs, and Other Policy Acronyms	103
	Legislative Clearance and Coordination	103
	Legislative Responsibility in the Executive Branch	104
	The Clearance Process	106
	Legislative Proposals	106
	Clearance of Agency Testimony and Reports on Pending Legislation	108
	Statement of Administration Policy	108
	Enrolled Bills	108
	Conclusion	110
	Key Terms	110
	Review Questions	111
Chapter 8.	Communicating and Marketing Policy	112
	The Importance of Communicating and Marketing Policy	112
	Speechwriting	114
	Communications	116
	Press Office	117
	Conclusion	122
	Key Terms	123
	Review Questions	123
Part III.	Case Studies
Chapter 9.	Welfare Reform during the Clinton Administration	125
	Welfare Reform and the Political Process	125
	The Early Phase: Decentralization, Debate, and Deadlock	126
	Strain Towards Agreement	128
Phase II	Action, Response, and Resolution	133
	The Centralization of Authority	134
	Redirecting the Tools and Mobilizing Support	135
	Conclusion: Making the Process Work	141
	Key Terms	143
	Review Questions	143
Chapter 10.	The Clinton Economic Plan	144
	The Economic Plan and the Political Process	144
Phase I	The Economic Plan and the NEC	146
	Establishing the Management Role of the NEC	148
	The NEC Process	150
	Communicating and Marketing the Economic Plan	152
Phase II	Securing Passage of the Bill	153
	Conclusions and Lessons Learned	157
	Key Terms	158
	Review Questions	158
Chapter 11.	Desert Shield and Desert Storm	159
	Security Crises and the Political Process	159
	Responding to the Crisis	161
	The Initial Response	162
	The Delicate but Vital Matter of Inclusion	166
	Containment and the Decision to Double U.S. Ground Forces	170
	Conclusion	174
	Key Terms	174
	Review Questions	174
Part IV.	Scenarios
Chapter 12.	Practice Scenarios	175
	Practice Scenarios	175
Scenario 1	Taiwan Straits Crisis	176
Scenario 2	U.S. Economic Recession	180
Scenario 3	Campaign Finance Reform	181
Scenario 4	United States-European Environmental Negotiations	182
	Index	185