Starting Out: A Guide to Teaching Adolescents Who Struggle with Reading Book

	Preface
1	Perspectives	1
	An Instructional Setting for All Learners	2
	Metaphors for Adolescent Literacy and Instruction	6
	Background on Adolescents Who Struggle as Readers	13
2	Before School Starts	21
	Classroom Culture	22
	Classroom Structure	27
3	Framing and Launching Units of Instruction	43
	Framing Units	44
	Launching Units	52
4	Weaving Literacy through Units of Instruction	59
	Selecting Literacy Strands	60
	Isolating and Integrating Literacy Strands	61
	Examples of Literacy Strands	64
5	Moving toward Differentiation	86
	Initiating Group Instruction	88
	Accommodating Individuals	101
6	Interventions in Special Classes	106
	Dimensions of Responsive Interventions	108
	Interventions Using the Four Resources Model	115
7	Connections beyond the Classroom	129
	Home-School Partnerships	130
	Cross-Age Partnerships	135
	Community-School Partnerships	137
	Cultural Ties	140
	Professional Development	141
	School Structures	144
8	Classroom Assessments	151
	Uses of Assessment	152
	Classroom-Support Assessments	156
	Grading	162
9	Program Leadership	171
	Beginning a Schoolwide Literacy Program	172
	Structures for Schoolwide Literacy Improvement	180
10	Program Profiles	191
	Schoolwide Offerings	193
	Intervention Offerings	201
	Index	209