War by Land, Sea, and Air: Dwight Eisenhower and the Concept of Unified Command Book

Series Foreword Donald Kagan Frederick Kagan ix

Acknowledgments xiii

Introduction: The Past as Prologue 1

Part I Formative Years, 1903-1941

1 Reform and Education, 1903-1928 7

2 Reform and Experience, 1929-1941 21

Part II Wartime Unified Command, 1941-1942

3 Beginnings of Combined and Joint Command, December 1941-January 1942 35

4 Unified European Theater Command, February-June 1942 47

Part III Wartime Unity of Command and Effort, 1942-1945

5 Unity in Theory: London, June-November 1942 63

6 Testing the Theory: North Africa, November 1942-May 1943 75

7 Unity in Practice: Sicily and Italy, May-December 1943 94

8 The Lessons of Unity Applied: London, January-May 1944 106

9 The Lessons of Unity Vindicated: Normandy to the Elbe, June 1944-May 1945 122

Part IV Peacetime Unification, 1945-1950

10 Unified Command in Washington, June 1945-July 1946 141

11 Creation of the National Security State, July 1946-March 1950 159

Part V Peacetime Unity of Effort and Command, 1950-1952

12 The Great Debate, April 1950-March 1951 185

13 The European Command Test, February 1951-May 1952 201

Part VI Peacetime Unification and Unity of Effort and Command, 1952-1958

14 Executive Reform and the New Look: Strategic Strains on the Concept of Unified Command, 1953 221

15 The Strains Deepen: The President and the JCS, 1954-1956 241

16 Impetus from Space: New Life for the Unified Command Concept, January 1957-January 1958 258

17 Reform Proposals and Congressional Gauntlet, January-June 1958 275

18 Executive-Legislative Reform: The 1958 Defense Reorganization Act, June-December 1958 295

Epilogue: The Unified Command Legacy: Goldwater-Nichols and Beyond 307

Notes 327

Index 379