Families And Mental Retardation Book

	Tables
	Preface
1	Introduction	1
	New Modes and Models for Professional Practice with Families	3
	Mental Retardation	7
	The Impact on Families	14
	Plan of the Volume	17
2	Ecological Perspectives	19
	Historical Perspectives	21
	Sociocultural Perspectives	26
	Educational Perspectives	28
	Legal Perspectives	31
	Ethical Perspectives	33
3	Family-Professional Relationships	37
	The Nature of the Encounter	38
	The Legacy of the Past	41
	The Conceptual Context	43
	Attitudes and Perceptions	45
	Differences in Perspective	47
	The Existential Context	48
	Strengthening Family-Professional Alliances	49
	A Competence Paradigm for Professional Practice	51
4	Family Needs and Attributes	55
	Family Needs	56
	Summarizing the Literature	57
	Family Attributes	68
	Enabling and Empowering Families	70
	Implications for Professional Practice	71
5	Coping and Adaptation	73
	Models of Stress	74
	Familial Stress	75
	The Stressor of Mental Retardation	78
	Defense	83
	Coping	85
	Resilience	88
	Suggestions for Intervention	90
	Implications for Professional Practice	91
6	Life-span Perspectives	93
	The Individual Life Cycle	95
	The Family Life Cycle	96
	Mental Retardation and the Life Cycles of Individuals and Families	97
	The Mental Retardation Life Cycle: General Considerations	100
	The Mental Retardation Life Cycle: Rolland's Model	103
	Summarizing the Literature	109
	Suggestions for Intervention	109
	Implications for Professional Practice	111
7	The Subjective Burden	113
	Charting the Subjective Terrain	115
	The Bereavement Model	115
	Chronic Sorrow	121
	A Multidimensional Framework	124
	Placing the Subjective Burden in Perspective	127
	Suggestions for Intervention	127
	Implications for Professional Practice	127
8	The Family System	129
	Family Systems Perspectives	130
	The Objective Burden	135
	Familial Benefits and Opportunities	143
	Suggestions for Intervention	145
	Implications for Professional Practice	146
9	Parental and Marital Subsystems	147
	The Parental Subsystems	149
	The Marital Subsystems	158
	Suggestions for Intervention	160
	Implications for Professional Practice	161
10	Sibling and Extrafamilial Subsystems	163
	The Sibling Subsystem	164
	The Extrafamilial Subsystem	172
	Suggestions for Intervention	177
	Implications for Professional Practice	177
11	Nonclinical Intervention	179
	Multimodal Programs	181
	Educational Programs	184
	Family Subsystem Intervention	188
	Support Groups	193
	Implications for Professional Practice	195
12	Clinical Intervention	197
	Differential Therapeutics with Families	200
	The Risk of Negative Treatment Effects	204
	Ethical Considerations	205
	Making Appropriate Referrals	207
	Implications for Professional Practice	209
	Fulfilling the Promise	209
	References	213
	Index	243