France Since 1870 Book

List of Maps xii

Preface xiii

Acknowledgements xvii

Abbreviations xviii

French Regimes xxvii

Part I The Birth of the Third Republic, 1870-85 1

Chapter 1 France in 1870 3

Paris, 'capital of the nineteenth century 3

An economy in transition 5

French society in 1870: nobles and bourgeois 5

French society in 1870: workers from farm to factory 8

Chapter 2 The Franco-Prussian War and the Paris Commune, 1870-1 11

The Franco-Prussian War, 1870-1 11

The proclamation of the Third Republic, 4 September 1870 12

The siege of Paris, September 1870-February 1871, and the end of the war 13

The struggle for Paris, 1-18 March 1871 15 15

Paris under the Central Committee of the National Guard, 18-28 March 1871 17

'The days of the Commune': 28 March-21 May 1871 19

La Semaine sanglante {the Week of Blood): 21-28 May 1871 22

Chapter 3 The Triumph of the Republicans, 1871-85 25

Thiers in power, 1871-3 26

The monarchists in power: 'Moral Order' vs the republicans, 1873-6 27

The republicans come to power, 1876-9 30|

The Republic of Jules Ferry I: republican liberties 33

The Republic of Jules Ferry II: republican education 34

The Republic of Jules Ferry IH: republican colonization 36

Chapter 4 The Cultural Bases of Republicanism 39

Reason and the republican project 39

Materialism and anticlericalism 40

Freemasonry and the Republic 43

Masculinity and the Republic 44

From Realism to Impressionism in the visual arts 45

Time and narrative 48

History and the Republic 49

Part II Testing Time for the Republic, 1885-1918 53

Chapter 5 Challenges to the Republic (1): Constructing the Modern Right 55

Origins of the newnationalism and anti-Semitism 55

The new nationalism and the Boulanger Affair, 1885-9 57

The apogee of 'peasant France'? 59

The Panama Affair, 1889-93 62

The Church, the Republic and the social question, 1889-96 63

Dreyfus, from Case to Affair, 1894-7 64

The Dreyfus Affair and mass politics, 1898-1902 66

Chapter 6 Challenges to the Republic (2):Constructing the Modern Left 70

The conditions of life and the development of social movements 70

Feminism 75

Anarchism and syndicalism 77

The Dreyfus Revolution|79

Clemenceau and the defeat of labor, 1906-10 81

Colonies, alliances and the origins of the Great War, 1898-1914 83

Chapter 7 The Cultural Revolution of the Belle Epaque 89

New cultural space: the Montmartre cafes 89

The erosion of realism 91

The erosion of objective time 94

The fragmentation of perception 96

Chapter 8 The Great War, 1914-18 100

From war of movement to stationary war 100

The trenches 101

The home front 103

The evolution of the war 105

Peace movements during the war 106

Wild cards: Russia, America and Clemenceau 108

Victory 100

Counting the losses 111

Part III The Decline of the Third Republic, 1919-40 155

Chapter 9 France after the War, 1919-28 117

Class struggle and the elections of 1919 117

Gender struggle: repression 119

Gender struggle: liberation? 121

Class struggle again 124

National and international affairs: from peace to crises 128

From first-wave fascism to the Poincare years 131

Chapter 10 France in the Depression, 1929-35 133

Everyday life in the Depression 133

Politics and second-wave fascism 134

The Stavisky Affair and the riots of 6 February 1934 138

Republican response to the 6 February 1934 140

Chapter 11 Popular Front, 193 6-7 143

Origins of the Popular Front 143

The Popular Front and the strikes of May-June 1936 144

The Popular Front and women 147

The Matignon Agreements and Popular Front reforms 148

The challenge of Spain 150

The 'wall of money'? 152

Chapter 12 Culture between the Wars 155

Dadaism and Surrealism 155

Early cinema 157

The revolt in music 158

Surrealism, art, and art deco 159

The literature of war and despair 160

The literature of reform and revolt 163

Cinema and politics 164

Chapter 13 The Fall of France, 1938-40 167

Foreign policy, 1924-38 167

The Anschluss and Munich, 1938 169

The death of the Popular Front and the rise of fascism 173

Gender struggle 174

Toward war, 1939 176

The French army and the Blitzkrieg 176

The Armistice and the death of the Republic 180

Part IV The Vichy Interlude and its Aftermath, 1940-6 183

Chapter 14 Vichy in Power, 1940-2 185

Was Vichy fascist? 186

The Vichy government 188

The cult of personality 190

Vichy's New Order 192

Vichy's search for collaboration 194

The politics of exclusion 196

French participation in the Holocaust 199

Explaining French participation in the Holocaust 200

Chapter 15 Resistance and Liberation, 1942-4 203

Charles de Gaulle and the call 204

The beginnings of resistance in France 205

The stakes are raised, 1940-2 208

The stakes are raised again, 1942-3 209

The Liberation of France 212

Chapter 16 Liberated Prance, 1944-6 216

The struggle for authority 216

The purge 218

The price of war 222

Reform and reconstruction 223

Rebuilding the Republic 225

The parties write a Constitution 228

Chapter 17 Existentialism: Culture of the Resistarice? 230

Beauvoir, Camus and Sartre 230

The effect of the war 233

From the Liberation to Le Deuxieme Sexe 238

From hope to despair 239

Part V The Fourth Republic, 1946-58 241

Chapter 18 Vietnam War, Cold War, 1946-54 243

The colonial heritage 243

An autonomous Vietnam in the French Union? 245

The eruption of the Cold War in French politics 247

Social explosion, 1947 251

The beginnings of European institutions 253

The 'Third Force' and the 1951 elections 255

On to Dien Bien Phu 256

Pierre Mendes France and the Geneva conference 258

Chapter 19 The 1950s - Of Coke and Culture 261

The French economic miracle 261

'Fast Cars, Clean Bodies 262

Modernization or Americanization? 265

France versus America: the culture wars 267

Culture in the 1950s: the theater of the absurd 26812 Chapter 20 The Algerian War Erupts, 1954-7 270

Algeria in historical perspective 270

The fall of Mendes France 273

Fallout in Paris: the 1956 elections 275

Guy Mollet escalates the war 276

The Suez invasion 277

Torture: the Battle of Algiers 278

Chapter 21 The Pall of the Fourth Republic, 1958 281

From international incident to national crisis 281

'The thirteen plots of 13 May' 283

Rebuilding the state in Algeria 286

Rebuilding the state in France 289

Part VI The Fifth Republic I, 1958-81 293

Chapter 22 The Fifth Republic under De Gaulle, 1958-68 295

Putting Down the Generals 295

Torture and Anti-War Movements 297

Attempted Putsch and Terror 298

The Evian Accords 300

Domestic Politics under de Gaulle 302

Economic growth 305

The politics of 'grandeur': industry and foreign policy 307

The politics of 'grandeur': urbanism and culture 311

Chapter 23 Cultural Explosion: New Theory, New Cinema, New Novel 314

New French theory and post-modernism 314

Three precursors: Saussure, Lacan, Levi-Strauss 316

Roland Barthes (1915-80) 318

Michel Foucault (1926-84) 319

Jacques Derrida (1930-2004) 320

The 'new novel' 321

'New wave' cinema 324

Chapter 24 Social Explosion: May '68 328

A crisis in higher education 328

A new critique of modern society 330

Preparing the explosion 331

Detonating the explosion 333

The workers join 334

From revolt to revolution? 336

Defeat 338

Aftermath 340

Chapter 25 The Fifth Republic under Pompidou and Giscard, 1969-81 344

Politics and auto-gestion 344

Pompidou and Vichy 345

The Common Market and the renewal of the left 346

Pompidou and Paris|348

Last years of the boom 349

The new industrial revolution and women 350

Women's rights, gay rights 351

New theory: feminism, gay rights and 'new philosophers' 353

Valery Giscard d'Estaing: liberal reform? 357

Oil, unemployment, and immigration 359

Politics in the late 1970s 361

Part VII The Fifth Republic D, 1981-2007 365

Chapter 26 'Socialist France'? 1981-8 367

Creating 'Socialist France', 1981-2 369

The lasting reforms 370

Technology 372

Mitterrand and women: almost all the way to the altar 373

The 'wall of money1 again? 1982-3 374

Treading water, 1984-6 376

Integration, Beur culture, and the rise of the National Front 377

Cohabitation, 1986-8 380

Chapter 27 Mitterrand in decline, 1988-95 385

Michel Rocard's government, 1988-91 385

Integration and foulards 386

From Berlin to Maastricht: foreign policy and Europe, 1989-92 388

The Socialists in decline 380

Celebrating revolution, exposing collaboration 391

Mitterrand, Chirac and Paris 394

Balladur Prime Minister: Immigration, education, and free trade 396

Toward the presidential elections of 1995 398

Epilogue: the end of the Mitterrand era 400

Chapter 28 From Juppe to Jospin, 1995-2002 402

The 1995 strikes 402

The surprise elections of 1997: Socialist renaissance 405

The Jospin Experiment, 1997-2002 406

Opposition to liberalism and globalization 408

Toward homosexual liberation: the PaCS 410

Parity 412

Revising the Constitution: The Quinquennat 414

Remembering Vichy, Forgetting Algeria 415

Presidential Elections 2002: Vichy's revenge 417

Chapter 29 Toward Sarkozy's Republic, 2002-7 420

The Iraq War: France out in the cold 420

Integration; the foulard crisis, 2002-4 421

The Colonial Past: Papon and la querelle des memoires, 2002-7 423

Rejecting Europe, 2005 424

Integration: the banlieue riots, October 2005 426

Neo-Liberalism?: the 'CPE' riots, February-March 2006 428

Sarko/Sego, 2006-7 430

Sarkozy's Republic 433

Conclusion: The End of 'The French Exception'? 435

Making the Republic 435

A just society 437

A culture of universal significance? 438

The Identity of France 439

Notes 441

Suggestions for Further Reading 471

Index 486