The Knights Hospitaller in the Levant, c.1070-1309 Book

Explication and Acknowledgements viii

Abbreviations xi

Maps xv

Prologue 1

An Authentic Religious Order 1

Background 4

Part I Inception

1 Origins, c.1070-1160 15

A Voice from the Past 15

Foundation 16

Gerard 18

Independence 20

The Care of Pilgrims 22

Who Succeeded Gerard? 23

Raymond of Puy 23

The Rule 24

2 Militarization, 1126-1182 27

Milites ad terminum 27

The First Stage 28

Crisis 32

Resolution 36

3 Reaching Maturity, 1177-1206 38

The Order and the Settlements in the Levant 38

Hattin 41

The Aftermath 43

The Third Crusade 45

The Order in Disarray 47

The Statutes of Margat 50

4 The Order and the Politics of the Latin East, 1201-1244 52

Responsibility without Power 52

Taking Sides 53

The Barons' Crusade and the Battle of la Forbie 62

Part II The Mission

5 Nursing the Sick and Burying the Dead 69

Servitude 69

Nursing 70

Burials 76

The Cost of Ambivalence 78

6 Defending Christians 81

Caravans 81

The Components of a Hospitaller Force 82

Advice 85

Castles 89

Turning to the Sea 92

Part III The Order

7 Members 97

Reception 98

Brother Priests 99

Brother Knights 101

Brother Sergeants 104

Sisters of St John 105

Confratres 107

8 Conventual Life 110

Levantine Communities 110

Buildings 111

Living Conditions 114

Justice 119

9 The Master, His Convent and the Chapter General 126

The Master 126

The Master's Convent 128

Tongues 128

Chapters and the Chapter General 129

Constitutional Conflict 133

10 The Conventual Bailiffs and Their Departments 140

The Cure of Souls 141

The Providers 142

The Functionaries 145

Part IV Assets

11 An Exempt Order of the Church 155

Exemptions 155

Reaction 157

The Latin East 161

Some Case Studies 163

12 The Estate in the Levant 171

The Estate 171

Exploitation 174

Management 178

Competition 180

13 Provincial Government and the Estate in Europe 185

Necessity 185

The Origins of the Provincial Structure 187

Hospitaller Officers 189

Commanderies 191

Priories, Capitular Commanderies and Capitular Castellanies 193

Grand Commanderies 199

Part V The End of the Beginning

14 The Loss of the Mainland, 1244-1291 205

After La Forbie 205

The Defence of the South-Eastern Frontier 207

Hugh Revel 208

The Last Years of the Settlement 210

Roger of Stanegrave 213

15 Interlude on Cyprus, 1291-1309 215

After the Fall of Acre 215

Criticism and the Projected Union of the Orders 216

Internal Trouble 218

Constitutional Conflict in the Kingdom of Cyprus 220

The Fall of the Templars 222

Rhodes 223

The Crusade of 1310 224

Epilogue 229

Appendix: Masters of the Hospital 233

Notes 234

Bibliography 302

Index 318