Prentice Hall Reference Guide Book

Table of Contents

Preface

Tab 1: Compare and Correct, Question and Correct

Compare and Correct CC1

Question and Correct QC1

Tab 2: Writing Processes

1 Thinking About Writing

a The Rhetorical Triangle

b Topic

c Audience

d Purpose

e Medium

2 Writing Processes and Strategies

a Planning

b Thesis

c Drafting

d Organizing

e Collaborating

f Revising

g Editing and Proofreading

3 Paragraphs

a Unity

b Coherence

c Development

d Introductions and Conclusions

e Patterns of Organization

4 Document Design

a Principles of Document Design

b Incorporating Visuals

c Paper Preparation

d Multimedia Presentations

e Writing for the Web

Tab 3: Writing for College and Career

5 Writing in the Disciplines

a Writing for the Sciences

b Writing for the Social Sciences

c Writing for the Humanities

d Writing Essay Exams

6 Writing About Literature

a Ways to Write about Literature

b Writing the Assignment

c Conventions in Writing about Literature

d Sample Literature Paper

7 Critical Reading, Thinking, and Arguing

a Reading Arguments Critically

b Finding an Arguable Topic

c Developing Arguments

d Recognizing and Avoiding Logical Fallacies

e Organizing Your Argument

f Sample Argument Paper

8 Visual Argument

a Similarities and Differences Between Written and Visual Arguments

b Appeals in Visual Argument

c Logical Fallacies in Visual Argument

d Creating Visual Arguments

9 Professional Writing

a Memos

Sample Memo

b E-Mail

Sample E-mail

c Business Letters

Sample Letter

d Cover Letters

Sample Cover Letter

e Résumés

Sample Résumés

10 Creating Print and Electronic Portfolios

a Developing Portfolios

b E-Portfolios

Tab 4: Revising Sentences for Accuracy, Clarity, and Variety

11 Comma Splices and Fused Sentences

a Comma Splices

b Fused or Run-On Sentences

12 Subject-Verb Agreement

a Singular and Plural Subjects

b Buried Subjects

c Compound Subjects

d Or and Either/Or in Subjects

e Clauses and Phrases as Subjects

f Indefinites as Subjects

g Collective Nouns and Amounts as Subjects

h Plural Words as Subjects

i Titles, Company Names, Words, and Quotations as Subjects

j Linking Verbs

k There (is/are), Here (is/are), and It

l Who, Which, That, and One of as Subjects

13 Sentence Fragments

a Unintentional Fragments

b Intentional Fragments

14 Dangling and Misplaced Modifiers

a Dangling Modifiers

b Misplaced Modifiers

15 Parallel Constructions

a Parallel Structure

b Faulty Parallelism

16 Consistency (Avoiding Shifts)

a Shifts in Person or Number

b Shifts in Verb Tense

c Shifts in Tone

d Shifts in Voice (Active/Passive)

e Shifts in Discourse

17 Faulty Predication

18 Coordination and Subordination

a Coordination

b Subordination

19 Sentence Clarity

a Moving from Known (Old) to Unknown (New) Information

b Using Positive Instead of Negative Statements

c Avoiding Double Negatives

d Using Verbs Instead of Nouns

e Making the Intended Subject the Sentence Subject

f Using Active Instead of Passive Voice

20 Transitions

a Repetition of a Key Term or Phrase

b Synonyms

c Pronouns

d Transitional Words and Phrases

e Transitions In and Between Paragraphs

21 Sentence Variety

a Combining Sentences

b Adding Words

c Changing Words, Phrases, and Clauses

Tab 5: Parts of Sentences

22 Verbs

a Verb Phrases

b Verb Forms

c Verb Tense

d Verb Voice (Active/Passive)

e Verb Mood

f Modal Verbs

23 Nouns and Pronouns

a Nouns

b Pronouns

24 Pronoun Case and Reference

a Pronoun Case

b Pronoun Reference

25 Adjectives and Adverbs

a Adjectives and Adverbs

b A/An/The

c Comparisons

26 Prepositions

a Common Prepositions

b Idiomatic Expressions

c Other Prepositions

27 Subjects

28 Phrases

29 Clauses

a Independent Clauses

b Dependent Clauses

30 Essential and Nonessential Clauses and Phrases

a Essential Clauses and Phrases

b Nonessential Clauses and Phrases

31 Sentences

a Sentence Purposes

b Sentence Structures

Tab 6: Style and Word Choice

32 Style Versus Grammar

33 General and Specific Language

a General Versus Specific Statements

b General Versus Specific Words

c Concrete Versus Abstract Words

34 Glossary of Usage

35 Conciseness and Wordiness

36 Passive Versus Active Voice

37 Unnecessary and Inappropriate Language

a Clichés

b Pretentious Language

c Offensive Language

38 Appropriate Language

a Standard English

b Levels of Formality

c Emphasis

d Denotation and Connotation

e Colloquialisms, Slang Terms, and Regionalisms

f Jargon and Technical Terms

39 Nonsexist Language

a Alternatives to Man

b Alternative Job Titles

c Alternatives to the Male or Female Pronoun

Tab 7: Punctuation

40 Commas

a Commas in Compound Sentences

b Commas After Introductory Words, Phrases, and Clauses

c Commas with Essential and Nonessential Words, Phrases, and Clauses

d Commas in Series and Lists

e Commas with Adjectives

f Commas with Dates, Addresses, Geographical Names, and Numbers

g Other Uses for Commas

h Unnecessary Commas

41 Apostrophes

a Apostrophes with Possessives

b Apostrophes with Contractions

c Apostrophes with Plurals

d Unnecessary Apostrophes

42 Semicolons

a Semicolons in Compound Sentences

b Semicolons in a Series

c Semicolons with Quotation Marks

d Unnecessary Semicolons

43 Colons

a Colons to Announce Elements at the End of a Sentence

b Colons to Separate Independent Clauses

c Colons to Announce Quotations

d Colons in Salutations and Between Elements

e Colons with Quotation Marks

f Unnecessary Colons

44 Quotation Marks

a Quotation Marks with Direct and Indirect Quotations

b Quotation Marks for Minor Titles and Parts of Wholes

c Quotation Marks for Words

d Use of Other Punctuation with Quotation Marks

e Unnecessary Quotation Marks

45 Hyphens

a Hyphens to Divide Words

b Hyphens to Form Compound Words

c Hyphens to Join Word Units

d Hyphens to Join Prefixes, Suffixes, and Letters to a Word

e Hyphens to Avoid Ambiguity

46 End Punctuation

a Periods

b Question Marks

c Exclamation Points

47 Other Punctuation

a Dashes

b Slashes

c Parentheses

d Brackets

e Ellipses (Omitted Words)

Tab 8: Mechanics and Spelling

48 Capitals

49 Abbreviations

a Abbreviating Numbers

b Abbreviating Titles

c Abbreviating Place Names

d Abbreviating Measurements

e Abbreviating Dates

f Abbreviating Initials Used as Names

g Abbreviating Latin Expressions

h Abbreviating Documentation

50 Numbers

51 Italics

a Italics for Titles

b Italics for Other Uses

52 Spelling

a Proofreading

b Spell-Checkers

c Some Spelling Guidelines

d Plurals

e Sound-Alike Words (Homonyms)

Tab 9: For Multilingual Writers

53 American Style in Writing

a American Style

b English Grammar vs. Grammar of Other Languages

c American English and World Englishes

d Web Sites for ESL Resources

54 Verbs

a Verbs

b Helping Verbs with Main Verbs

c Two-Word (Phrasal) Verbs

d Verbs with –ing and to+ Verb Forms

55 Omitted and Repeated Words

a Omitted Subjects

b Repeated Subjects

56 Pronouns and Adverbs

57 Count and Noncount Nouns

58 Adjectives and Adverbs

a Order of Adverbs

b Order of Adjectives

c A/An/The

d Some/Any, Much/Many, Little/Few, Less/Fewer, Enough, No

59 Prepositions

60 Idioms

Tab 10: Research

61 Finding a Topic

a Deciding on a Purpose and Audience

b Deciding on a Topic

c Narrowing the Topic

d Formulating a Research Question

e Formulating a Thesis

62 Choosing Primary and Secondary Sources

a Primary Sources

b Secondary Sources

63 Searching Libraries and Library Databases

a Libraries

b Library Databases and Subscription Services

64 Using Web Resources

a Internet Search Strategies

b Types of Internet Sources

65 Conducting Firsthand Research

a Observations

b Interviews

c Surveys

66 Evaluating Sources

a Getting Started

b Evaluating Authors’ Credibility

c Evaluating Content

d Evaluating Internet Sources

67 Collecting Information

a Keeping Notes

b Printing and Annotating Photocopies and Printouts

c Writing an Annotated Bibliography

68 Using Sources and Avoiding Plagiarism

a Understanding Plagiarism

b Documenting Sources Responsibly

c Summarizing without Plagiarism

d Paraphrasing without Plagiarism

e Using Quotation Marks to Avoid Plagiarism

f Using Signal Words and Phrases to Integrate Sources

69 Writing the Research Paper

a Getting Started

b Planning and Organizing

c Writing a Draft

d Reviewing the Draft

e Revising, Editing, and Checking the Format

Tab 11: MLA Documentation

70 Documenting in MLA Style

a In-Text Citations

b Notes

c Works Cited List

d Sample MLA-Style Research Paper

Tab 12: APA, CM, and CSE Documentation

71 Documenting in APA Style

a In-Text Citations

b Footnotes

c References List

d Sample APA-Style Research Paper

72 Chicago Manual (CM)Style

a Numbered Notes

b Author-Date Citation Format

c Bibliography Entries

73 Council of Science Editors (CSE) Style

a Name-Year Style

b Citation Sequence Style

c References List

74 Resources for Other Styles

Glossary of Grammatical Terms

Index