African-American Odyssey, The, Combined Volume Book

PART I Becoming African American

1 Africa

A Huge and Diverse Land

The Birthplace of Humanity

Ancient Civilizations and Old Arguments

West Africa

Kongo and Angola

West African Society and Culture

2 Middle Passage

The European Age of Exploration and Colonization

The Slave Trade in Africa

The Origins of the Atlantic Slave Trade

Growth of the Atlantic Slave Trade

The African-American Ordeal from Capture to Destination

Landing and Sale in the West Indies

Seasoning

The End of the Journey: Masters and Slaves in the Americas

The Ending of the Atlantic Slave Trade

3 Black People in Colonial North America, 1526—1763

The Peoples of Eastern North America

Black Servitude in the Chesapeake

Plantation Slavery, 1700—1750

Slave Life in Early America

Miscegenation and Creolization

The Origins of African-American Culture

Slavery in the Northern Colonies

Slavery in Spanish Florida and French Louisiana

Black Women in Colonial America

Black Resistance and Rebellion

4 Rising Expectations: African Americans and the Struggle for Independence, 1763—1783

The Crisis of the British Empire

The Declaration of Independence and African Americans

Black Enlightenment

African Americans in the War for Independence

The Revolution and Emancipation

5 African Americans in the New Nation, 1783—1820

Forces for Freedom

Forces for Slavery

The Emergence of Free Black Communities

The War of 1812

PART II Slavery, Abolition, and the Quest for Freedom: The Coming of the Civil War, 1793—1861

6 Life in the Cotton Kingdom

The Expansion of Slavery

Slave Labor in Agriculture

House Servants and Skilled Slaves

Slave Families

The Socialization of Slaves

Religion

The Character of Slavery and Slaves

7 Free Black People in Antebellum America, 1820-1861

Demographics of Freedom

The Jacksonian Era

Limited Freedom in the North

Black Communities in the Urban North

African-American Institutions

Free African Americans in the Upper South

Free African Americans in the Deep South

8 Opposition to Slavery, 1800—1833

Abolitionism Begins in America

From Gabriel to Denmark Vesey

A Country in Turmoil

Black Abolitionist Women

The Baltimore Alliance

David Walker and Nat Turner

9 Let Your Motto Be Resistance, 1833—1850

A Rising Tide of Racism and Violence

Black Community Institutions

The American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society and the Liberty Party

A More Aggressive Abolitionism

Black Militancy

10 “And Black People Were at the Heart of It”: The United States Disunites Over Slavery

The Lure of the West

Fugitive Slaves

The Rochester Convention, 1853

Nativism and the Know-Nothings

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

The Kansas-Nebraska Act

Preston Brooks Attacks Charles Sumner

The Dred Scott Decision

White Northerners and Black Americans

The Lincoln-Douglas Debates

Abraham Lincoln and Black People

John Brown and the Raid on Harpers Ferry

The Election of Abraham Lincoln

PART III The Civil War, Emancipation, and Black Reconstruction: The Second American Revolution

11 Liberation: African Americans and the Civil War

Lincoln’s Aims

Black Men Volunteer and Are Rejected

Union Policies toward Confederate Slaves

The Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation

The Emancipation Proclamation

Black Men Fight for the Union

The Confederate Reaction to Black Soldiers

Black Men in the Union Navy

Liberators, Spies, and Guides

Violent Opposition to Black People

Refugees

Black People and the Confederacy

12 The Meaning of Freedom: The Promise of Reconstruction, 1865—1868

The End of Slavery

Land

The Freedmen’s Bureau

Southern Homestead Act

Sharecropping

The Black Church

Education

Violence

The Crusade for Political and Civil Rights

Presidential Reconstruction under Andrew Johnson

Black Codes

Black Conventions

The Radical Republicans

The Fourteenth Amendment

Radical Reconstruction

The Reaction of White Southerners

13 The Meaning of Freedom: The Failure of Reconstruction, 1868—1877

Constitutional Conventions

Elections

Black Political Leaders

The Issues

Economic Issues

Black Politicians: An Evaluation

Republican Factionalism

Opposition

The Fifteenth Amendment

The Enforcement Acts

The North Loses Interest

The Freedmen’s Bank

The Civil Rights Act of 1875

The End of Reconstruction

PART IV Searching for Safe Spaces

14 White Supremacy Triumphant: African Americans in the South in the Late Nineteenth Century

Politics

Disfranchisement

Segregation

Racial Etiquette

Violence

Migration

Black Farm Families

African Americans and Southern Courts

15 African Americans Challenge White Supremacy

Social Darwinism

Education and Schools

Church and Religion

Red versus Black: The Buffalo Soldiers

African Americans in the Navy

The Black Cowboys

The Spanish-American War

The Philippine Insurrection

African Americans and the World’s Columbian Exposition

Black Businesspeople and Entrepreneurs

African Americans and Labor

Black Professionals

Music

Sports

16 Conciliation, Agitation, and Migration: African Americans in the Early Twentieth Century

Race and the Progressive Movement

Booker T. Washington’s Approach

W. E. B. Du Bois

The Niagara Movement

The NAACP

The Urban League

Black Women and the Club Movement

The Black Elite

African-American Inventors

Presidential Politics

Black Men and the Military in World War I

Race Riots

The Great Migration

Northern Communities

Families

17 African Americans and the 1920s

Strikes and the Red Scare

Varieties of Racism

Protest, Pride, and Pan-Africanism: Black Organizations in the Twenties

Labor

The Harlem Renaissance

Harlem and the Jazz Age

Sports

PART V The Great Depression and World War II

18 The Great Depression and the New Deal

The Cataclysm, 1929—1933

The Failure of Relief

African Americans and the New Deal

The Rise of Black Social Scientists

Black Protest During the Great Depression

Organized Labor and Black America

The Communist Party and African Americans

The Tuskegee Study

19 Black Culture and Society in the 1930s and 1940s

Black Culture in a Midwestern City

The Black Culture Industry and American Racism

The Music Culture from Swing to Bebop

Popular Culture for the Masses: Comic Strips, Radio, and the Movies

The Black Chicago Renaissance

Black Graphic Art

Black Literature

African Americans in Sports

Black Religious Culture

20 The World War II Era and Seeds of a Revolution

On the Eve of War, 1936—1941

Race and the U.S. Armed Forces

Black People on the Home Front

The Transition to Peace

The Cold War and International Politics

PART VI The Black Revolution

21 The Freedom Movement, 1954—1965

The 1950s: Prosperity and Prejudice

The Road to Brown

Brown II

New Forms of Protest: The Montgomery Bus Boycott

No Easy Road to Freedom: 1957—1960

Black Youth Stand Up by Sitting Down

A Sight to be Seen: The Movement at High Tide

The Albany Movement

The Birmingham Confrontation

A Hard Victory

22 The Struggle Continues, 1965—1980

The Fading Dream of Racial Integration: White Backlash and Black Nationalism

The Black Panther Party

The Inner-City Rebellions

Difficulties in Creating the Great Society

Johnson and the War in Vietnam

Johnson: Vietnam Destroys the Great Society

King: Searching for a New Strategy

The Black Arts Movement and Black Consciousness

The Second Phase of the Black Student Movement

The Election of 1968

The Nixon Presidency

The Rise of Black Elected Officials

Economic Downturn

Black Americans and the Carter Presidency

23 African Americans at the New Millennium

Progress and Poverty: Income, Education, and Health

The Persistence of Black Poverty

African Americans at The Center Of Art And Culture

Black Religion at the Dawn of the Millennium

Louis Farrakhan and the Nation of Islam

Millennium Marches

Complicating Black Identity in the Twenty-First Century

24 The Triumph of Black Politics, 1980 to Present

Ronald Reagan and the Conservative Reaction

Black Political Activism in the Age of Conservative Reaction

Jesse Jackson and the Rainbow Coalition

Policing the Black Community

The Clinton Presidency

Black Politics in the New Millennium: The Contested 2000

Presidential Election

Republican Triumph

The 2004 Presidential Election

Barack Obama: President of the United States