Human Communication in Everyday Life Book

Prologue     xvii
Acknowledgments     xxiii
Communication Principles
The Process of Human Communication     2
Definitions of Communication     3
Types of Communication     4
Accidental Communication     4
Expressive Communication     5
Rhetorical Communication     6
Clarifying the Definition of Communication     7
Critical Components of Human Communication     8
The Source     8
The Receiver     9
The Message     10
The Channels     10
Feedback     11
Goals     11
Context     13
Models of Communication     16
The Rhetorical Communication Model     16
The Interpersonal Communication Model     17
Thinking about Communication     19
Ten Common Misconceptions     19
Meanings Are in Words     19
Communication Is a Is a Verbal Process     20
Telling Is Communicating     21
Communication Will Solve All Our Problems     21
Communication Is a Good Thing     22
The More Communication, the Better     23
Communication Can BreakDown     23
Communication Is a Natural Ability     24
Interpersonal Communication = Intimate Communication     24
Communication Competence = Communication Effectiveness     26
Interpersonal Perceptions and Realities     30
Perceiving Sources     32
Source Credibility     32
Interpersonal Attraction     34
Homophily     36
Other Perceptions of Sources     38
Extraversion (Dynamism)     39
Composure (Neuroticism)     39
Sociability (Psychoticism)     39
Personality and Temperament in Communication     40
Personality Traits and Communication Behavior     41
The Role of Biology in Human Communication     43
Personality Variables in Communication     45
Adventurousness     45
Authoritarianism     46
Dogmatism     46
Emotional Maturity     46
General Anxiety     46
Locus of Control     47
Machiavellianism     47
Self-Control     48
Self-Esteem     48
Tolerance for Ambiguity     49
Argumentativeness     49
Verbal Aggression      50
Exhilaratability     50
Communication Approach and Avoidance Traits     54
Defining and Distinguishing among Communication Traits     56
Shyness     56
Willingness to Communicate     56
Communication Apprehension     56
Self-Perceived Communication Competence     57
Compulsive Communication     57
Shyness     57
Willingness to Communicate (WTC)     59
Genetic Factors     60
Childhood Reinforcement     60
Skill Deficiencies     61
Social Introversion     62
Social Alienation     62
Ethnic or Cultural Divergence     63
Communication Apprehension (CA)     64
Interpreting Personal Report of Communication Apprehension-24 (PRCA) Scores     64
Communication Apprehension as a Trait     65
Communication Apprehension in Generalized Contexts     66
Communication Apprehension with a Given Individual or Group across Contexts     68
Communication Apprehension with a Given Individual or Group in a Given Situation     68
Causes of Trait Communication Apprehension     69
Causes of Situational Communication Apprehension      69
Effects of Communication Apprehension     71
Effects of Shyness and WTC     72
Perceptions of Quiet People     75
Compulsive Communication (Talkaholics)     75
Communication Competence and Self-Perceived Communication Competence (SPCC)     77
Assertiveness     78
Responsiveness     79
Versatility     80
Competence and Androgyny     82
Competence and Context     83
Messages and Meanings     86
Distinctions between Verbal and Nonverbal Messages     88
Relationships between Verbal and Nonverbal Messages     89
Functions of Nonverbal Messages     90
Accenting     90
Complementing     90
Contradicting     90
Repeating     91
Regulating     91
Substituting     91
Nonverbal Messages     92
Body Movements and Gestures     92
Physical Appearance and Attractiveness     95
Dress and Artifacts     96
Facial Expressions and Eye Behavior     97
Use of the Voice     98
Territory and Personal Space     99
Touch     101
Environmental Factors     102
Smell     104
Time     105
Messages and Relationships     110
Immediacy     111
Verbal Immediacy     111
Nonverbal Immediacy     112
Outcomes of Immediacy     116
Intimacy     117
Self-Disclosure     117
Sexual Relations     119
Status     120
Eye Contact     121
Kinesic Behaviors     121
Vocal Behavior     121
Use of Space and Touch     122
Use of Time     122
Dress     122
Selectivity and Attribution     124
Selectivity Processes     125
Selective Exposure     126
Selective Attention     128
Selective Perception     129
Selective Retention     132
Selective Recall     134
Causal Attribution     134
Causal Attribution Defined     134
Attribution Sources     135
Attribution Conditions     135
Basic Attribution Error     137
Understanding and Influencing Attitudes and Behaviors     140
The Nature of Attitudes, Beliefs, and Values     141
Attitudes     142
Beliefs     143
Values     145
Dimensions of Attitudes, Beliefs, and Values     146
Direction     146
Intensity     147
Salience     148
Development of Attitudes, Beliefs, and Values     149
Changes in Attitudes     151
Consistency Theory     152
Restoring Consistency     154
Power and Influence     158
Levels of Influence     159
Compliance     159
Identification     161
Internalization     161
Power     162
Assigned Power     162
Coercive Power     163
Reward Power     164
Referent Power     165
Expert Power     165
Communication and Interpersonal Influence     165
Behavior Alteration Techniques (BAT)     166
Reward BATs     166
Punishment BATs     170
Relational BATs     171
Referent BATs     172
Assigned or Legitimate BATs     172
Moral Responsibility BATs     173
Expert BATs      174
Communication in Applied Contexts
Public Speaking     178
Nature of Public Speaking     180
Gaining Perspective     181
The Basic Skills     182
Topic Selection     183
Organizing the Speech     184
Introducing the Speech     187
Concluding the Speech     188
Delivering the Speech     188
Handling Questions     191
Effective Listening     192
Developing and Maintaining Interpersonal Relationships     198
The Nature of Interpersonal Relationships     200
Characteristics of Relationships     200
Stages of Relationship Development     204
Coming Together     204
Coming Apart     206
Relational Expectancies     208
Short-Term Expectancies     208
Long-Term Expectancies     211
Gaining Affinity: Getting Others to Like You     214
Managing Interpersonal Conflict     220
The Nature of Conflict     221
Tolerance for Disagreement     221
Conflict Management Techniques     224
Preventing Conflict     228
Intercultural Communication     232
The Nature of Culture     234
The Cultural Context of Communication     237
Intracultural Communication     238
Intercultural Communication     238
Cross-Cultural Communication     238
International Communication     238
Interethnic Communication     239
Interracial Communication     239
Cultural Communication Apprehension     239
Ethnocentrism     240
Favorable Aspects of Ethnocentrism     241
Unfavorable Aspects of Ethnocentrism     241
Coping with Ethnocentrism-Yours and Mine     247
Equality     247
Sensitivity     248
Indifference     248
Avoidance     248
Disparagement     248
Improving Intercultural Communication     249
Biological Sex and Gender in Communication     254
Biological Differences between Males and Females     257
The Development of Sex Roles     259
Psychological Gender Orientation     261
Sex Differences in Verbal Communication     265
Self-Disclosure     265
Language Use     265
Subject Matter     266
Sex Differences in Nonverbal Communication      267
Eye Behavior and Facial Expressions     267
Posture and Gestures     268
Personal Space     268
Touching Behavior     268
Gender and Interpersonal Relationships     269
Friendships between Females     270
Friendships between Males     270
Intimate Female-Male Relationships     271
Health Communication     278
What Is Health Communication?     279
Model of Health Communication     280
Patient Communication     283
The Effects of Patient Perception     283
Problems with Patient-Physician Communication     286
Gender and Health Communication     288
Communication Skills for Patients     288
Physician Communication     292
Medical Interview     293
Communication Variables and Physician Communication     297
Mediated Communication     302
Evolution of Human Communication     303
Early Development of Mediated Communication     304
History of Writing     304
History of Technology     306
Viewing Communication Multidimensionally     307
Media and Dyadic Communication      308
Media and Group Communication     309
Mediated Public Communication     310
The Switch to Interaction     311
Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC)     311
Future Considerations     317
Distance Education     317
Telecommuting     318
Organizational Communication     320
Individual Differences in Organizations     322
Organizational Orientations     322
Sociocommunicative Orientations/Styles     325
Immediacy     325
Communication Apprehension and Talkaholism     325
Affinity Seeking     326
Perceptions of People in Organizations     328
Attraction     328
Homophily     329
Source Credibility     330
Management Communication Styles     331
Tell     332
Sell     332
Consult     333
Join     333
Research and Management Communication Style     334
Power and Influence in Organizations     334
Work Teams in Organizations     334
Instructional Communication     342
Student Communication     344
Types of Learning      345
Anxiety in the Classroom     347
Student Motivation     349
Teacher Communication     350
Communicator Clarity     350
Immediacy Behaviors in the Classroom     352
Humor in the Classroom     354
Teacher Misbehaviors in the Classroom     355
Scales for the Measurement of Communication Phenomena     363
Glossary     420
Index     427