Measurement and Assessment in Education Book

1 Introduction to Educational Assessment 1

2 The Basic Mathematics of Measurement 33

3 The Meaning of Test Scores 61

4 Reliability for Teachers 90

5 Validity for Teachers 123

6 Item Analysis for Teachers 147

7 The Initial Steps in Developing a Classroom Test 169

8 The Development and Use of Selected-Response Items 195

9 The Development and Use of Constructed-Response Items 222

10 Performance Assessments and Portfolios 245

11 Assigning Grades on the Basis of Classroom Assessments 277

12 Standardized Achievement Tests in the Era of High-Stakes Assessment 299

13 The Use of Aptitude Tests in the Schools 330

14 Assessment of Behavior and Personality 370

15 Assessment Accommodations 395

16 The Problem of Bias in Educational Assessment 421

17 Best Practices in Educational Assessment 450

App. A Summary Statements of The Student Evaluation Standards 468

App. B Code of Professional Responsibilities in Educational Measurement 471

App. C Code of Fair Testing Practices in Education 479

App. D Rights and Responsibilities of Test Takers: Guidelines and Expectations 483

App. E Standards for Teacher Competence in Educational Assessment of Students 491

App. F Proportions of Area under the Normal Curve 497

App. G Answers to Practice Problems 501

References 503

Index 511