City Politics, 8/e Book

Preface ix

Chapter 1 The Evolution of City Politics in America: An Introduction 1

Three Themes 1

Economic Growth and Community Identity 2

Racial and Ethnic Politics 5

The Fragmented Metropolis 7

The Challenge of Urban Governance 9

Part I The Origins of American Urban Politics: The First Century 13

Chapter 2 The Legacy of America's Urban Past 14

National Development and the Cities 14

Outtake: City Building Has Always Required Public Efforts 15

A Century of Urban Growth 16

Interurban Rivalries 20

Industrialization and Urban Community 25

The Immigrant Tide 30

The Capacity to Govern 35

The Limited Powers of Cities 41

Chapter 3 Party Machines and the Immigrants 49

Machines and Machine-Style Politics 49

Outtake: Machines Had Two Sides 51

The Origins of Machine Politics 53

Did Machines "Get The Job Done"? 56

Were Machines Vehicles of Upward Mobility? 60

Did the Machines Help Immigrants Assimilate? 63

The Social Reform Alternative 65

Ethnic Politics in Today's Cities 68

Chapter 4 The Reform Crusades 76

The Reformers' Aims 76

Outtake: Municipal Reform Was Aimed at Immigrants 78

The Fertile Environment for Reform 79

The Campaigns Against Machine Rule 82

"Efficiency and Economy" in Municipal Affairs 89

The Business Model 94

Commission and Manager Government 96

Did Reform Kill the Machines? 100

The Reform Legacy 101

The Battles Continue 105

Chapter 5 Urban Voters and the Rise of a National Democratic Majority 111

City and Nation in the Twentieth Century 111

Outtake: Urban Ethnics Became a Mainstay of the Democratic Party 112

A New Political Consciousness 113

The Changing Political Balance 116

The Depression and the Cities 119

Cities Gain a Voice 124

The Urban Programs of the New Deal 128

The New Deal Legacy 132

Part II The Urban Crisis of the Twentieth Century 137

Chapter 6 The City/Suburban Divide 138

A Century of Demographic Change 138

Outtake: Anti-Immigrant Passions Have Reached a Fever Pitch 139

Streams of Migration 141

Racial Conflict in the Cities: The Postwar Era 147

The Emergence of a New Kind of Poverty 149

The Suburban Exodus 153

The Romantic Suburban Ideal: 1815-1918 153

The Automobile Suburbs: 1918-1945 156

The Bedroom Suburbs: 1946-1970s 158

The Multiethnic Metropolis 161

Has the Urban Crisis Disappeared? 167

Chapter 7 National Policy and the City/Suburban Divide 177

The Unintended Consequences of National Policies 177

Outtake: Highway Programs Contributed to the Decline of the Cities 178

The Politics of Slum Clearance 179

How Local Politics Shaped Urban Renewal 181

Racial Segregation and "The Projects" 186

National Policy and Suburban Development 189

Suburbs, Highways, and the Automobile 196

The Damaging Effects of National Policies 201

Chapter 8 Federal Programs and the Divisive Politics of Race 207

The Brief Life of Inner-City Programs 207

Outtake: Racial Divisions Eventually Doomed Urban Programs 208

The Democrats and the Cities 210

The Republicans and the New Federalism 216

President Carter and the Democrats' Last Hurrah 217

Republicans and the End of Federal Assistance 219

Political Reality and Urban Policy 224

The Cities' Fall from Grace 226

The End of Urban Policy 228

Chapter 9 The Rise of the Sunbelt 234

A Historic Shift 234

Outtake: The Electoral College Favors the Sunbelt 235

The Concept of the Sunbelt 236

Regional Shifts 239

Why the Sunbelt Prospered 242

The New Politics of Sunbelt Cities 246

Regional Convergence and National Politics 250

Part III The Fractured Metropolis 257

Chapter 10 The Rise of the Fragmented Metropolis 258

Metropolitan Turf Wars 258

Outtake: There Is a Debate about Gated Communities 259

How the Suburbs Became Segregated 261

Selling the American Dream 265

The Imperative of Racial Segregation 267

Walling Off the Suburbs: Incorporation 271

Walling Off the Suburbs: Zoning 274

The Challenge to Exclusionary Zoning 278

The New Face of Enclave Politics 281

Chapter 11 Governing the Fragmented Metropolis 287

The Problem of Regional Governance 287

Outtake: The Costs of Sprawl Are Hotly Debated 288

The New Urban Form 290

The Concerns about Sprawl 292

A History of Metropolitan Reform 297

The New Regionalism 302

Smart Growth 305

The New Urbanism 309

The Prospect for Reform 314

Chapter 12 The Metropolitan Chase 320

The Regional Battleground 320

Outtake: Hundreds of Little Hoovers Make the Economic Crisis Worse 321

Cities in the U.S. Federal System 323

Where the Money Comes From 325

Where the Money Goes 331

The Municipal Bond Market 336

The Rise of Special Authorities 341

Fiscal Politics and Federalism 344

Chapter 13 The Renaissance of the Metropolitan Center 350

The Recovery of the Central Cities 350

Outtake: Baltimore's Revival Is Debated 351

The Decline of Downtown 353

Globalization and the Downtown Renaissance 356

The New Urban Culture 359

Tourism and Entertainment 361

Convention Centers 363

Sports Stadiums 366

Malls, Entertainment, and Lifestyle Complexes 370

Casino Gaming 374

The Politics of Tourism 375

Old and New Downtowns 377

Chapter 14 Governing the Divided City 385

A Delicate Balancing Act 385

Outtake: Multiethnic Coalitions Are Hard to Keep Together 387

Assessing the State of Urban Governance 388

The Rewards of Political Incorporation 392

Neighborhood Organizing and the Urban Agenda 398

Community Development Corporations 401

The Conservative Reaction 404

A Convergence of Styles 408

Chapter 15 City and Metropolis in the Global Era 414

Politics in a Time of Change 414

The New (but Actually Old) Growth Politics 415

The Delicate Art of Urban Governance 416

The Politics of the Fragmented Metropolis 417

Index 420