Fundamentals of Object-Oriented Design in UML Book

	Foreword	xv
	Preface	xvii
Part I	Introduction	1
Chapter 1	What Does It Mean to Be Object Oriented, Anyway?	3
1.1	Encapsulation	9
1.2	Information/Implementation Hiding	12
1.3	State Retention	14
1.4	Object Identity	15
1.5	Messages	19
1.5.1	Message structure	19
1.5.2	Message arguments	21
1.5.3	The roles of objects in messages	23
1.5.4	Types of message	25
1.6	Classes	27
1.7	Inheritance	33
1.8	Polymorphism	38
1.9	Genericity	43
1.10	Summary	48
1.11	Exercises	50
1.12	Answers	52
Chapter 2	A Brief History of Object Orientation	57
2.1	Where Did Object Orientation Come From?	57
2.1.1	Larry Constantine	58
2.1.2	O.-J. Dahl and K. Nygaard	58
2.1.3	Alan Kay, Adele Goldberg, and others	58
2.1.4	Edsger Dijkstra	58
2.1.5	Barbara Liskov	59
2.1.6	David Parnas	59
2.1.7	Jean Ichbiah and others	59
2.1.8	Bjarne Stroustrup	59
2.1.9	Bertrand Meyer	60
2.1.10	Grady Booch, Ivar Jacobson, and Jim Rumbaugh	60
2.2	Object Orientation Comes of Age	60
2.3	Object Orientation As an Engineering Discipline	62
2.4	What's Object Orientation Good For?	64
2.4.1	Analyzing users' requirements	65
2.4.2	Designing software	65
2.4.3	Constructing software	66
2.4.4	Maintaining software	69
2.4.5	Using software	69
2.4.6	Managing software projects	70
2.5	Summary	73
2.6	Exercises	75
2.7	Answers	76
Part II	The Unified Modeling Language	77
Chapter 3	Basic Expression of Classes, Attributes, and Operations	85
3.1	The Class	85
3.2	Attributes	87
3.3	Operations	89
3.4	Overloaded Operations	92
3.5	Visibility of Attributes and Operations	93
3.6	Class Attributes and Operations	94
3.7	Abstract Operations and Classes	95
3.8	The Utility	97
3.9	Parameterized Classes	98
3.10	Summary	100
3.11	Exercises	102
3.12	Answers	103
Chapter 4	Class Diagrams	107
4.1	The Generalization Construct	108
4.1.1	Single inheritance	108
4.1.2	Multiple inheritance	110
4.1.3	Subclass partitioning	110
4.1.4	Partitioning discriminators	114
4.2	The Association Construct	115
4.2.1	The basic UML notation for associations	116
4.2.2	Associations depicted as classes	119
4.2.3	Higher-order associations	120
4.2.4	Navigability of associations	122
4.3	Whole/Part Associations	123
4.3.1	Composition	123
4.3.2	Aggregation	126
4.4	Summary	130
4.5	Exercises	131
4.6	Answers	133
Chapter 5	Object-Interaction Diagrams	137
5.1	The Collaboration Diagram	138
5.1.1	Depicting a message	139
5.1.2	Polymorphism in the collaboration diagram	142
5.1.3	Iterated messages	143
5.1.4	Use of self in messages	144
5.2	The Sequence Diagram	146
5.3	Asynchronous Messages and Concurrent Execution	149
5.3.1	Depicting an asynchronous message	149
5.3.2	The callback mechanism	151
5.3.3	Asynchronous messages with priority	155
5.3.4	Depicting a broadcast (nontargeted) message	157
5.4	Summary	159
5.5	Exercises	161
5.6	Answers	162
Chapter 6	State Diagrams	164
6.1	Basic State Diagrams	165
6.2	Nested States	167
6.3	Concurrent States and Synchronization	171
6.4	Transient States from Message-Result Arguments	176
6.5	Continuously Variable Attributes	178
6.6	Summary	180
6.7	Exercises	182
6.8	Answers	184
Chapter 7	Architecture and Interface Diagrams	188
7.1	Depicting System Architecture	189
7.1.1	Packages	189
7.1.2	Deployment diagrams for hardware artifacts	191
7.1.3	Deployment diagrams for software constructs	193
7.2	Depicting the Human Interface	196
7.2.1	The window-layout diagram	196
7.2.2	The window-navigation diagram	198
7.2.3	A brief digression: What's object oriented about a GUI?	200
7.3	Summary	202
7.4	Exercises	203
7.5	Answers	204
Part III	The Principles of Object-Oriented Design	207
Chapter 8	Encapsulation and Connascence	209
8.1	Encapsulation Structure	209
8.1.1	Levels of encapsulation	210
8.1.2	Design criteria governing interacting levels of encapsulation	212
8.2	Connascence	214
8.2.1	Varieties of connascence	214
8.2.2	Contranascence	220
8.2.3	Connascence and encapsulation boundaries	221
8.2.4	Connascence and maintainability	222
8.2.5	Connascence abuses in object-oriented systems	224
8.2.6	The term connascence	227
8.3	Summary	228
8.4	Exercises	230
8.5	Answers	231
Chapter 9	Domains, Encumbrance, and Cohesion	233
9.1	Domains of Object Classes	234
9.1.1	The foundation domain	235
9.1.2	The architecture domain	235
9.1.3	The business domain	236
9.1.4	The application domain	237
9.1.5	The source of classes in each domain	238
9.2	Encumbrance	241
9.2.1	What is encumbrance?	241
9.2.2	The use of encumbrance	244
9.2.3	The Law of Demeter	244
9.3	Class Cohesion: A Class and Its Features	246
9.3.1	Mixed-instance cohesion	247
9.3.2	Mixed-domain cohesion	248
9.3.3	Mixed-role cohesion	250
9.4	Summary	253
9.5	Exercises	254
9.6	Answers	255
Chapter 10	State-Space and Behavior	259
10.1	State-Space and Behavior of a Class	259
10.2	The State-Space of a Subclass	263
10.3	The Behavior of a Subclass	266
10.4	The Class Invariant as a Restriction on a State-Space	267
10.5	Preconditions and Postconditions	269
10.6	Summary	272
10.7	Exercises	273
10.8	Answers	274
Chapter 11	Type Conformance and Closed Behavior	278
11.1	Class versus Type	279
11.2	The Principle of Type Conformance	281
11.2.1	The principles of contravariance and covariance	282
11.2.2	An example of contravariance and covariance	283
11.2.3	A graphic illustration of contravariance and covariance	288
11.2.4	A summary of the requirements for type conformance	290
11.3	The Principle of Closed Behavior	291
11.4	Summary	294
11.2	Exercises	295
11.6	Answers	296
Chapter 12	The Perils of Inheritance and Polymorphism	299
12.1	Abuses of Inheritance	299
12.1.1	Mistaken aggregates	300
12.1.2	Inverted hierarchy	301
12.1.3	Confusing class and instance	302
12.1.4	Misapplying is a	306
12.2	The Danger of Polymorphism	309
12.2.1	Polymorphism of operations	309
12.2.2	Polymorphism of variables	312
12.2.3	Polymorphism in messages	314
12.2.4	Polymorphism and genericity	316
12.3	Summary	319
12.4	Exercises	320
12.5	Answers	322
Chapter 13	Techniques for Organizing Operations	327
13.1	Mix-In Classes	327
13.1.1	A business example	328
13.1.2	A graphics example	333
13.2	Rings of Operations	336
13.3	Summary	342
13.4	Exercises	343
13.5	Answers	344
Chapter 14	Class Cohesion and Support of States and Behavior	349
14.1	State Support in a Class Interface	350
14.2	Behavior Support in a Class Interface	352
14.3	Operation Cohesion in a Class Interface	360
14.4	Summary	364
14.5	Exercises	366
14.6	Answers	371
Chapter 15	Designing a Software Component	377
15.1	What Is a Component?	378
15.2	Similarities and Differences Between Components and Objects	380
15.3	Example of a Component	382
15.4	Internal Design of a Component	389
15.5	Lightweight and Heavyweight Components	397
15.6	Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Components	400
15.7	Summary	406
15.8	Exercises	408
15.9	Answers	409
Appendix A	Checklist for an Object-Oriented Design Walkthrough	411
Appendix B	The Object-Oriented Design Owner's Manual	417
Appendix C	The Blitz Guide to Object-Oriented Terminology	423
	Glossary	425
	Bibliography	443
	Index	451