Latin Suffixal Derivatives in English: and Their Indo-European Ancestry Book

Latin Sources and Periods     xvii
Dating and Other Conventions     xx
Abbreviations     xxii
Bibliographical Abbreviations     xxx
Derivation     1
Basic assumptions     1
Derivation and recursivity     1
Conversion     2
Denominal derivation in crosslinguistic perspective     3
Constraints on derivation     4
Backformation     6
Productivity     7
Derivational bases of the Latin verb     8
The Asp head hypothesis     9
Derivational parallels and parallel derivations     10
Verbs and adjectives     12
Types of states     14
Changes of state     15
Caland(-Wackernagel) stems     17
States and activities     18
Changes of state and different result states     19
Accomplishments and achievements     23
Conclusion     25
Latin Non-Deverbal Nouns     26
-(i)tas (> E -(i)ty) 'abstract or concrete entity'     26
History and status in Latin     26
The status of -ity in English     27
Deadjectival formations     28
Denominalformations     33
-ia/-tia (> E -y/-ce) 'subjective-state trait'     34
Deadjectival formations     35
Miscellaneous formations     35
Later Latin -atia/-acia     36
Denominal derivatives in -(t)ia     36
Derivatives from -a/ent- constructs (over fifty by c14)     37
Special -nt-ia formations     39
-(i)tia (> E -ice) 'subjective-state trait'     40
-(i)tudo/-(i)tudin- (> E -(i)tude) 'observable state'     41
Regular formations     42
Special formations     44
-monium-monia (> E -mony)     45
Deadjectival formations (mostly -monia)     45
Legal formations (mostly -monium)     45
Miscellaneous     46
-(it)ium (> E -y; -e after c/g) 'practice of; office; position; place'     46
Denominal formations     47
Deadjectival formations     49
Direct borrowings from Latin     49
-atus (> E -ate) 'office of' (cf. -ship/-hood)     51
-ago/-agin- (-ugo/-ugin-, -igo/-igin-) (> E -ago (rarely -age)/-(a)gin-)     53
-ago/-agin-     54
-igo/-igin-     55
-ugo/-ugin-     57
Diminutives      57
Diminutives in -ulus (-olus after a vowel), -a, -um (> E -ole/-ule)     59
Diminutives in -culus, -a, -um (> E -cle/-cule)     63
Diminutives in -e/illus, -a, -um (> E -el/-le, -il)     66
Noun Suffixes on Verb Bases     70
-or 'condition; state; result of'     70
-ium (> E -ium/-y/-e [after c, g]): event noun; 'result of'     72
Uncompounded deverbals in -ium     73
Preverb-compounded deverbals in -ium     73
Synthetic compounds in -ium     75
-io/-ion- (> E -ion) 'act or result of'     75
-men (> E -men/pl. -mina) 'means, instrument, result'     76
-men-tum (> E -ment(um)) 'means, instrument, result'     78
Borrowings into English     79
Instrument nouns     84
-bulum/-bula (> E -b(u)lum/-ble)     84
*-bro-/*-bra- (> E -brum/-bra) (Serbat 1975:90-137)     86
*-culo- (> E -culum/-cule/-cle)/*-cro- (> E -crum/-cre)     87
*-cro-     87
*-culo-     88
Denominal -culo-     90
*-tro-/*-tra (> E -trum-tra/-ter) (Serbat 1975:303-48)     90
-tor/-sor, fem. -trix (> E -tor/-sor, fem. -trix/-trice) 'actor; agent'     91
Deverbal agentive -sor     93
Deverbal agentive -tor     94
-tio/-tion- and -sio/-sion- (> E -tion/-sion) 'event; result'     97
Fifty-one examples with the letter A (Pocket Oxford Latin Dictionary)     99
Chaucerian words in -tion/-sion     100
Other frequent -tion/-sion words     113
-tura/-sura (> E -ture/-sure)     118
-tura (> E -ture)     119
-sura (> E -sure)     121
Denominal -tura     122
-(t)us/-sus (> E -t/-s(e)/-tus/-sus) 'concrete result'     122
Non-Deverbal Adjectives     127
Relational -li- 'characterized by; pertaining to; relating to; of'     127
-alis (> E -al) 'characterized by; pertaining to'     127
-aris (> E -ar)     135
-ilis (> E -il(e)) 'relating to; like'     138
-a/ilia 'things connected with'     139
-arius/-arium (> E -ary/-arious/-arium)     140
Nativized -er denominal nouns     142
Adectives in -ary (rarely -ory)     143
Adjectives in -arious and-arian (cf. Marchand 1969:344)     145
Substantivized adjectives     146
Actor substantives (E -ary, rarely-arian)     146
Neuter substantives (mostly locationals) (E -ar(y)/-ery/-arium)     147
Feminine (rarely neuter plural) -aria (> E -ary)     150
-nu- 'appurtenance; relation; similarity'     151
-(er)nus (> E -(er)n+al)     151
-(t)ernus (> E -(t)ern/-(t)ern-al)     152
-(t)urnus (> E -(t)urn(-al))     153
-a-nu-s (> E -an/-ane/-ana)     153
English borrowings     154
-i-nu-s (> E - ine/rarely -in)     155
Substantives in -ina (> E -ine/-ina)     158
-(t)i-cu-s (> E -(t)ic) 'like; typical, characteristic of'     160
English loanwords     161
-e-us 'made of; derived from (resembling); consisting of (containing)'     162
-eus (> E -eous/-eal, rarely -ean)     162
-ac-eus (> E -aceous/-acean) (LG i [section] 272.2; Koziol 1972: [section] 593)     164
-an-eus (> E -aneous/-anean) (LG i [section] 272.3; Marchand 1969:342)     165
-osus (> E -ous/-ose) 'full of'     166
-ose     167
-ous     167
-(u/o)lentus (> E -(u/o)lent) 'prone to; characterized by'     173
-(a)tus (> E -(a)te/-ated) 'provided/furnished with; having; -ed'     175
English borrowings     177
Deverbal and Deradical Adjectives     181
-idus-, -a, um (> E -id) adjectives of variable result state     181
Synchronic status      181
The origin of -id-     182
Derivation and the continuation of -id-     185
Deradical and/or deverbal formations     186
Deadjectival formations     189
Possible denominal formations     190
Opaque and isolated formations     191
-ax/-ac- (> E -acious) event magnifier     192
Verb -and (root-)noun-based derivatives     194
Formations with no attested or doubtful verbal base     195
-ulus, -a, -um (> E -ulous) adjectives of propensity     196
Adjectival formations     197
Substantivized constructs     197
-uus, -a, -um (> E -uous) 'prone to (be)'     198
Deadjectival and deverbal adjectives in -uous (rarely -ual)     200
Denominal adjectives in -osus to fourth declension -u- stems     202
Unclear formations     203
-(t/s)-ivus, -a, -um (> E -(t/s)ive) 'having the nature or property of'     203
Deverbal -tive     205
Deverbal -sive     209
Grammatical terms in -ive     211
Case names     211
Other grammatical terms in -ivus     212
Denominal -ive formations     214
-t/s-orius, -a, -um (> E -t/sory) 'connected with an event of'      215
English borrowings     217
Neuter locationals in -t/sorium (E -t/sorium, -t/sory)     220
English locationals in -t/sorium     220
English locationals in -t/sory     221
Anomalous denominal locationals in -tory     222
-(i)li- 'able/tending to; capable of being'     223
-ilis (> E -ile)     223
-t/s-ilis (> E -t/sile)     223
-(i/a)-bilis (> E -ible/-able)     225
Functions of -bilis in Latin     225
Early examples of -ible/-able in English     227
Functions of -ible/-able in English     230
Verbal suffixes     233
Statives in -e-     233
Successors of Latin -e- in English     235
Non-causative changes of state in -sc-     236
Successors of Latin -e-sc-     237
English -esce- borrowings     238
Deajectival factitives in -a- (*-eh[subscript 2]-)     240
Causative changes of state in fac-/-fic-     243
Constructs with -facere     243
English loanwords     245
Derivatives in -(i)-ficare     245
English -ify verbs of Latin origin     247
Intensives and frequentatives     251
The continuation of Latin frequentatives     253
English verbs from Latin frequentatives     254
Derivatives in -ig-a- and -ig-a-     256
The suffix -ig-a-     256
The suffix -ig-a-     258
Derivatives in -ic-a-     260
Verbs in -er-a-     261
Derivatives in -ul-a-     262
Verbs in -il-a- and -in-a-     264
-il-a-     264
-in-a-     264
Derivatives in -cin-a-     265
Desideratives in -t/sur-     266
Dictionaries     267
References     272
Indo-European Root Index     298
Greek Index     312
Latin Index     315
English Index     359