The Spirit of '68: Rebellion in Western Europe and North America, 1956-1976 Book

Introduction 1

1 Outcasts, Dropouts, and Provocateurs: Nonconformists Prepare the Terrain 5

1 The First World Congress of Free Artists 5

2 From Lettrism to Situationism 7

3 Situationist Practice 10

4 The Meaning of Cultural Revolt 14

5 Beat Poets 16

6 Literature and Theatre of Revolt 19

7 The Place of Cultural Critique 20

8 The First Transnational Youth Revolt 23

9 Marlon Brando Turns Communist 27

10 Beatniks, Hipsters, Existentialists 30

11 British Rock 32

12 Beat Culture in Italy 36

13 The Amsterdam Provos 38

2 Under the Cobblestones Lies the Beach: Student Activism in the 1960s 54

1 Sit-ins, SNCC, and Freedom Rides 54

2 Mississippi Freedom Summer 57

3 The Berkeley Free Speech Movement 60

4 US Student Movements After Berkeley 65

5 The Peculiarities of Belgium 67

6 Leuven Vlaams 69

7 Mississippi on the Dijle 72

8 Sociology in Trento 74

9 Mobilizations and Reflections: Trento (and Italy), 1966-1967 77

10 Radicalization: Trento (and Italy), 1967-1968 81

11 The Shut-down of Higher Education in Italy: 1968 83

3 Vogliamo Tutto: The Working-Class Dimension of '1968' 93

1 The Valley of the Turon 93

2 Mobilizations in Underground Spain 97

3 French Workers in the Calvados 100

4 From Nanterre to the Sorbonne 102

5 The Genesis of a General Strike 104

6 The Meaning of the General Strike 106

7 French Workers After 1968 110

8 Italy's 'Creeping May' 111

9 Questioning Authority on the Factory Floor 115

10 The Revolution of the Carnations 118

4 Left, Left, Left: The Old, the New, and the Far Left 131

1 The Suez Crisis and Its Aftermath 131

2 A Social Democratic Foreign Policy? 135

3 SocialDemocracy's Domestic Agenda 136

4 Youth Revolt and the Old Left 138

5 Il Caso Manifesto 142

6 Intellectuals and the New Left 144

7 Marcuse and Mills 146

8 The Mediterranean New Left 148

9 Characteristics of the New Left 152

10 The Limits of New Left Organizational Practice 155

11 Maoism and Trotskyism 158

12 The Genesis of the Far Left 160

13 The Far Left as Inspiration 161

14 A Social Democratic Turn towards the Left? 163

15 The Promise of Eurocommunism? 164

Photo Essay: The Belgian Manifestation of '1968' 178

5 Participatory Democracy: The Meaning of '1968' 190

1 Measuring Failure and Success 190

2 Cultural Revolution and Material Gains 191

3 Participatory Democracy 194

4 Free Schools and Universities 198

5 An Experimental Laboratory in the Bois de Vincennes 201

6 The Alberoni Project 203

7 Participatory Democracy at the Point of Production 206

8 Participatory Democracy and the Left 212

9 Neighbourhood Associations in Iberia 212

10 The Commune of Nantes 215

11 Individual and Collective Liberation 216

12 The Birth of Second-Wave Feminism 217

13 Caged Birds Break Free 219

Conclusion: A Moment of Crisis and Opportunity 228

1 A Tale of Two Europes 228

2 The Legacy of 1968 231

3 The Great Rehearsal? 235

Bibliographic Essay 241

Index 253