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Preface ix
List of Figures xiii
Notations and Conventions xv
On Explaining Sound Change 1
About this book 1
What is sound change? 7
Speakers innovate, languages change 9
Insights from pragmatics and sociolinguistics 14
The actuation problem 16
Hyperadaptation and hypoadaptation 18
Contact 21
Systemic regulation 24
The structure of this book 27
On Evidence 29
Witnesses 29
Writing systems 30
Verse practices 36
Contemporary comments 39
Reconstruction 45
The question 'why?' 50
Phonological Approaches and Processes 51
Splits, mergers, and shifts 51
Sound change as an emergent phenomenon 54
Explaining split: voiced and voiceless fricatives 57
Why phonology? 61
Taxonomic phonology 63
Generative phonology 65
Natural and Evolutionary Phonology 71
A theoretical framework 74
An extendedexample: Grimm's Law 75
Explaining Grimm's Law (I): phonetic processes 81
Explaining Grimm's Law (II): extralinguistic correspondences 84
From Pre-English to Old English 88
'Pre-English' 88
A description of Old English Breaking 92
The date of Breaking 95
The origins of /l/-Breaking 98
The origins of /r/-Breaking 100
The origins of /x/-Breaking 101
A hypothesis as to the origins of Breaking 103
Implications 105
From Old to Middle English 107
The transition from Old to Middle English 107
Compensatory Lengthening 108
Homorganic Lengthening 110
Middle English Open Syllable Lengthening: description 113
Quantitative changes from Old to Middle English: an historical explanation 116
Implications 126
From Middle to Early Modern English 127
Great Vowel Shifts? 127
The Southern Shift 129
The Southern Shift: the Mopsae and the Easterners 134
The Northern Shift 138
The Northern Shift: Aitken's discussion 140
Aitken's Vowel 5 142
Aitken's Vowel 7 143
Aitken's Vowel 3 146
Aitken's Vowel 4 147
The actuation of the Northern Shift 149
Implications of the study 153
On the Historiography of Sound Change 154
Multiple explanations 154
Assessment of historical explanation 156
Historical linguistics and history 160
The Principal Sound Changes from Proto-Germanic to Early Modern English 161
Middle English Open Syllable Lengthening of i, u: Etymological Notes 177
Suggestions for Further Reading 177
References 179
Index 189
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