Communicating about Health: Current Issues and Perspectives Book

Each Chapter ends with a Summary, Key Terms, Discussion Questions, and Answers to "Can You Guess?" boxes
Preface
PART I: ESTABLISHING A CONTEXT FOR HEALTH COMMUNICATION
CHAPTER 1: Introduction
What is Health Communication?
Defining Communication
Process Personal Goals Interdependence Sensitivity Shared Meaning
Defining Health Communication
History of Health Communication
Medical Models
Biomedical Model Biophysical Model
Importance of Health Communication
Emphasis on Efficiency Prevention Patient Empowerment Global Health Needs and Intercultural Competence Changing Populations Technology

CHAPTER 2: History and Current Issues
Medicine in Ancient Times
Imotep Hippocrates
Medieval Religion and Health Care
Medical Spiritualism Barber Surgeons Science and Magic End of an Era
Renaissance Philosophy and Health Care
Principle of Verification Cartesian Dualism
Health Care in the New World
Health Conditions Hippocrates' Influence Women's Role
The Rise of Orthodox Medicine
Population Shifts Germ Theory Research and Technology Campaign of Orthodox Medicine Flexner Report Decline of Sectarian Medicine
Twentieth Century Health Care
Specialization Medicine and Free Enterprise
Putting the Brakes on Health Care Costs
Health and Wealth Problems Reform Efforts
Managed Care
Conventional Insurance Health Maintenance Organization (HMO)
Preferred Provider Organization (PPO)
Point of Service (POS)
High Deductible Health Plan (HDHP)
Organizations' Perspective Advantages
- Incentive to Collaborate and Conserve
- Affordability Goal
- Wellness
- Administrative Assistance
- Patient Load
Disadvantages
- Costs Still Prohibitive
- Prevention Expectations Unrealized
- Undertreatment
- Restricted Options
- Confidentiality at Risk
- Bureaucratic Hassles
Managed Care Around the World
PART II: THE ROLES OF PATIENTS AND CAREGIVERS
CHAPTER 3: Patient-Caregiver Communication
Physician-Centered Communication
Assertive Behavior Questions and Directives Blocking Patronizing Behavior Power Difference Criticism of Clinician-Centeredness
Collaborative Communication
Climate for Change Motivational Interviewing Communication Skill Builders: Cultivating Dialogue
- Nonverbal Encouragement
- Verbal Encouragement
Environmental Restructuring
Soothing Surroundings Easy Communication with Loved Ones
Communication Technology: Telemedicine
A Doctor's Visit Telemedicine Style Telemedicine in the Future Telemedicine as Medical Outsourcing Advantages to Consumers Advantages for Caregivers Disadvantages
Communication Skill Builders: Tips for Patients
CHAPTER 4: Caregiver Perspective
Medical Socialization
Theory of Socialization Selection Curriculum
- Science
- Communication Training
Socialization Process
- Loss of Identity
- Privileged Status
- Overwhelming Responsibilities
- Withdrawal and Resentment
Effects of Socialization Medical School Reform Implications
Professional Influences on Caregivers
Time Constraints Loss of Autonomy
Psychological Influences on Caregivers
Maturity Self-Doubt Satisfaction
Stress and Burnout
Causes
- Emotions
- Communication Deficits
- Work Load
- Other Factors
Effects
- Healthy Strategies
Medical Mistakes
Why Mistakes Happen What Happens After a Mistake?
Communication Skill Builder: Managing Medical Mistakes
- From the Beginning
- If an Error Does Occur
Communication Technology: Knowledge Coupling
CHAPTER 5: Patient Perspective
Patient Socialization
Voice of Lifeworld
- Feelings vs. Evidence
- Specific vs. Diffuse
Patient Characteristics
Nature of the Illness Patient Disposition Communication Skills
Satisfaction
Attentiveness and Respect Convenience A Sense of Control Genuine Warmth and Honesty
Cooperation and Consent
Reasons for Nonadherence Caregivers' Investment Informed Consent
Illness and Personal Identity
Reactions to Illness Narratives
CHAPTER 6: Diversity Among Patients
Status Differences
Misunderstandings Health Literacy Communication Skill Builders: Surmounting Status Barriers
Gender Differences
Sexual Orientation
Race
Different Care and Outcome Explanations
- Distrust
- High Risk, Low Knowledge
- Access
- Patient-Caregiver Communication
Language Differences
Disabilities
Communication Skill Builders: Interacting with Persons Who Have Disabilities
Age
Children
- Communication Skill Builders: Talking With Children About Illness
Older Adults
- Effects of Ageism
- Communication Patterns
- Promising Options
- Communication Technology and Older Adults
Communication Skill Builders: Reaching Marginalized Populations
PART III: SOCIAL AND CULTURAL ISSUES
CHAPTER 7: Social Support
Conceptual Overview
Coping Crisis Normalcy
Coping Strategies and Social Support
Action-Facilitating Support Nurturing Support Esteem Support Communication Skill Builders: Supportive Listening Emotional Support Communication Skill Builders: Allowing Emotions Social Network Support Communication Skill Builders: Keeping Social Networks Healthy
Support Groups
Communication Technology: Virtual Communities
Transformative Experiences
Lay Caregiving
Lay Caregivers' New Role Profile of the Lay Caregiver Stress and Burnout Caring for Caregivers
End-of-Life Communication
Life at All Costs Death with Dignity Slow Medicine Advance-Care Directives Communication Skill Builders: Delivering Bad News Coping with Death
Oversupporting
Overhelping Overinforming Overempathizing
CHAPTER 8: Cultural Conceptions of Health and Illness
Why Consider Culture?
A Profile of Cultures
Asian and Pacific Island Hispanic Arab
The Nature of Health and Illness
Health as Organic Health as Harmony
Social Implications of Disease
Disease as Cure Stigma of Disease The Morality of Prevention Victimization
Patient and Caregiver Roles
Mechanics and Machines Parents and Children Spiritualists and Believers Providers and Consumers Partners Implications
Viagra: A Case Study in Health-Culture Overlap
Communication Skill Builders: Developing Cultural Competence
PART IV: COMMUNICATION IN HEALTH ORGANIZATIONS
CHAPTER 9: Culture and Diversity in Health Organizations
Culture and Diversity in Health Organizations
Organizational Culture
Cultural Integration and Transformation Advantages of Diversity
Historical Patterns of Acceptance
Female Physicians
- Building Equity
- Communication Styles
Minorities in Medicine
- History
- Current Representation
Diverse Types of Health Care
Nurses
- Nursing Shortage
Hospitalists Midlevel Providers Allied Health Personnel Retail Clinics
Holistic Care
Definitions Popularity Advantages Drawbacks
Managing Conflict
Definitions Conflict of Interest Violent Conflict
- Communication Skill Builders: Defusing Violent Situations
Nurses' Role Conflict
Communication Skill Builders: Integrating Diverse Employees
CHAPTER 10: Leadership and Teamwork
Current Issues
Consolidation Controversy over Specialty Hospitals Efficiency Marketing and Advertising Consumerism Staffing Shortages
Challenging the Bureaucracy
Hierarchies or Partnerships?
- Advantages
- Disadvantages
- Opportunities to Change
Authority Rule or Multilevel Input?
- Advantages
- Disadvantages
- Opportunities for Change
Specialized Jobs or Mission-Centered Expectations?
- Advantages
- Disadvantages
- Opportunities for Change
Strictly by the Rules. . . or Not?
- Advantages
- Disadvantages
- Opportunities for Change
Teamwork
- Advantages
- Difficulties and Drawbacks
- Communication Skill Builders: Working on Teams
Crisis Management
Aiming for Service Excellence
PART V: PUBLIC HEALTH: MEDIA, CRISIS, POLICY REFORM, AND HEALTH PROMOTION
CHAPTER 11: Health Images in the Media
Advertising
Direct-to-Consumer Advertising (DCTA)
- Advantages of DCTA
- Disadvantages of DCTA
- Communication Skill Builders: Evaluating Medical Claims
Nutrition
- Obesity
- Effects on Children
- Activity Levels
Alcohol
- Source of Knowledge
- Glamorized Images
Body Images
- Health Effects
- Eternal Hope
News Coverage
Accuracy and Fairness Sensationalism Advantages of Health News Communication Skill Builders: Presenting Health News Communication Technology: Interactive Health Information
- Advantages
- Drawbacks
Communication Skill Builders: Using the Internet
Entertainment
Portrayals of Health-Related Behaviors
- Mental Illness and Dementia
- Disabilities
- Sex
- Violence
Portrays of Health Care Situations
- Medical Miracles
- Entertainment and Commercialism
Entertainment-Education and Programming Impact of Persuasive Entertainment
Media Literacy
Teaching Media Literacy
CHAPTER 12: Public Health Crises and Health Care Reform
What is Public Health?
Risk and Crisis Communication
Managing Perceptions How Scared is Scared Enough?
In the Heat of the Moment
Case Studies: A Global Perspective
AIDS SARS Anthrax Avian Flu Wrapping It Up
Health Care Reform
Analyzing the Issues
- Waste
- Inequities and Oversights
- Less Costs More
- Out of Pocket, Out of Luck?
- Hope
The American Model Universal Coverage Models
- Massachusetts and Vermont
- Overview, Pros, and Cons
Single-Payer Model Wrapping Up Talk About Universal Coverage
CHAPTER 13: Planning Health Promotion Campaigns
Background on Health Campaigns
Motivating Factors Exemplary Campaigns
- Go to the Audience
- Take Action
- Measure Your Success
- Encourage Social Support
Planning a Health Campaign
Step 1: Defining the Situation and Potential Benefits
- Benefits
- Current Situation
- Diverse Motivations
Step 2: Analyzing and Segmenting the Audience
- Data Collection
- Segmenting the Audience
- Audience as a Person
- Young Audiences
- Sensation-Seekers
- Underinformed Audiences
Step 3: Establishing Campaign Objectives Step 4: Selecting Channels of Communication
- Channel Characteristics
- Communication Technology: Using Computers to Narrowcast Messages
- Multichannel Campaigns
CHAPTER 14: Designing and Implementing Health Campaigns
Theories of Behaviors Change
Health Belief Model Social Cognitive Theory Embedded Behaviors Model Theory of Reasoned Action Transtheoretical Model Wrapping it Up
Critical-Cultural Perspective
Designing and Implementing a Campaign
Step 5: Designing Campaign Messages
- Choosing a Voice
- Designing the Message
Step 6: Piloting and Implementing the Campaign Step 7: Evaluating and Maintaining the Campaign
- Evaluation
- Maintenance

References
Credits
Author Index
Subject Index