Theory Change in Science: Strategies from Mendelian Genetics Book

1.	Introduction	3
2.	Philosophical Preliminaries	9
2.1	Introduction	9
2.2	Strategies for Producing New Ideas	9
2.3	Strategies for Theory Assessment	12
2.4	Strategies for Anomaly Resolution and Change in Scope	13
2.5	Descriptive, Hypothetical or Normative Strategies?	15
2.6	Metascientific Vocabulary	17
2.7	Stages and Strategies	21
3.	The Problem of Heredity	24
4.	Historical Introduction	34
4.1	Introduction	34
4.2	A Note on Mendel	39
4.3	Rediscovery of Mendel's Work	42
4.4	Bateson and the Emergence of Genetics	46
5.	Mendelism, 1900-1903	49
5.1	Introduction	49
5.2	Component 1. Unit-characters	52
5.3	Component 2. Differentiating Pairs of Characters	54
5.4	Component 3. Interfield Connection to Cytology	55
5.5	Component 4. Dominance-recessiveness	56
5.6	Component 5. Segregation	57
5.7	Component 6. Explanations of Dihybrid Crosses	60
5.8	Additional Claims	61
5.9	Relations between Domain and Theoretical Components	62
5.10	Conclusion	63
6.	Unit-Characters, Pairs, and Dominance	65
6.1	Introduction	65
6.2	Changes to Component 1: Unit-characters	65
6.3	Components 2 and 4: Paired Allelomorphs and Dominance-recessiveness	68
6.4	Strategies: Complicate, Specialize, Add, Delete	73
7.	Boveri-Sutton Chromosome Theory	80
7.1	Introduction	80
7.2	Weismann and Nineteenth-Century Cytology	80
7.3	Boveri-Sutton Chromosome Theory, 1903-1904	83
7.4	Sex Chromosomes	89
7.5	Assessments of the Chromosome Theory, 1906-1910	90
7.6	Strategy of Using Interrelations	94
7.7	Conclusion	97
8.	Tests of Segregation	98
8.1	Introduction	98
8.2	Cuenot's 2:1 Ratios	99
8.3	Strategy of Delineate and Alter	103
8.4	Castle and Contamination	108
8.5	Strategies for Resolving Anomalies	113
9.	Reduplication, Linkage, and Mendel's Second Law	120
9.1	Introduction	120
9.2	The Reduplication Hypothesis	121
9.3	Strategies, including Delineate and Alter	125
9.4	Morgan and Sex Linkage	132
9.5	Strategies: Interrelations and Levels of Organization	136
9.6	Assessments: Reduplication versus Linkage	138
10.	The Chromosome Theory and Mutation	143
10.1	Introduction	143
10.2	Mapping and Non-disjunction	144
10.3	Bateson's Objections to the Chromosome Theory	150
10.4	Castle and the Debate about Linearity	153
10.5	Modularity and Alternative Hypotheses	157
10.6	The Problem of Mutation	158
10.7	Strategies: Using Interrelations and an Analog Model	161
11.	Unit-characters to Factors to Genes	168
11.1	Introduction	168
11.2	Conceptual Problems	170
11.3	Symbolic Representations	171
11.4	Terminology	178
11.5	A New Theoretical Entity and Its Properties	183
11.6	Strategies for Finding and Solving Conceptual Problems	188
12.	Exemplars, Diagrams, and Diagnosis	191
12.1	Introduction	191
12.2	Morgan's Exposition of the Theory of the Gene	192
12.3	Exemplars and Diagrams	195
12.4	Exemplars and Explanation	196
12.5	Monster and Model Anomalies	199
12.6	Diagnosing and Fixing Faults in the Theory	201
13.	Genetics and Other Fields	205
13.1	Introduction	205
13.2	Solved and Unsolved Problems in 1926	206
13.3	Genetics and Embryology	208
13.4	The Chemical Nature of the Gene	210
13.5	Genetics and Evolution	212
13.6	Strategies: Interrelations and Levels of Organization	218
13.7	Conclusion	224
14.	Summary of Strategies from the Historical Case	226
14.1	Unit-characters to Genes	226
14.2	Multiple Factors and Multiple Alleles	227
14.3	Interfield Connection	229
14.4	Dominance-recessiveness	230
14.5	Segregation	232
14.6	Mendel's Second Law and Linkage	235
14.7	The New Component of Mutation	238
14.8	Additional Strategies from the Case	238
14.9	Conclusion	242
15.	General Strategies for Theory Change	243
15.1	Strategies for Producing New Ideas	243
15.2	Strategies for Theory Assessment	257
15.3	Strategies for Anomaly Resolution and Change of Scope	269
15.4	Conclusion	275
16.	Implications for Further Work	276
	Bibliography	282
	Index	303