Time and the Verb: A Guide to Tense and Aspect Book

	Abbreviations and Symbols	xvii
Part I	Tense
1.	Ancient Theories of the Simple Tenses	3
a.	The Problem of Tense	3
b.	Tense in Greek	9
c.	The Greek Verb	13
d.	The Relations of the Tenses	17
e.	The Stoic-Varronian Theory of Tense and Aspect	20
2.	Traditional Theories of the Complex Tenses	27
a.	General and Rational Grammar	27
b.	The Problem of Complex Tenses	32
c.	Theories of Relative Tense	37
d.	Aspectual and Other Theories	43
e.	Tense in Non-Indo-European Languages	50
f.	Jespersen's Structuralist Approach to Tense	53
g.	Retrospective and Prospective Tenses	60
3.	Modern Theories of the Subordinate Tenses	66
a.	Mood and Tense	66
b.	Mood in Subordinate Structures	74
c.	Tense in Subordinate Structures	82
d.	Sequence of Tense Rules	86
e.	Non-finites and Tense	93
f.	The Uses of the Perfect Tenses	98
g.	Context and Autonomy	104
h.	Multidimensional Theories: Reichenbach and Bull	109
i.	Allen on the Futurates	119
4.	Beyond Theories of Tense	126
Part II	Aspect
5.	The Problem of Aspect	135
a.	Slavic Aspect	135
b.	Aspect and Aktionsarten	139
c.	Opposition and Markedness	149
d.	The Analysis of Greek	158
6.	Explanation in Aspectology	170
a.	Aristotelian Aspect	170
b.	The Ontology of Situations	179
c.	States	183
d.	Activities and Events	188
e.	Telicness and Performances	194
f.	Phase	197
g.	Phase and the Aktionsarten	202
h.	Defining Aspect	207
7.	Formal Semantics of Tense and Aspect	215
a.	Theories of Semantics	215
b.	Referential Semantics	217
c.	Formal, Truth-Conditional Semantics	224
d.	Montague Semantics	231
e.	Semantic Interpretation	236
f.	The Formal Semantics of the Priorian Tense Operators	241
g.	The Present and the Future	247
h.	Semantic Interpretation of the Tense Operators	253
i.	Complex Tenses and Compositionality	257
j.	The Perfect	264
k.	Translation and Interpretation of the Perfect	266
l.	The Compositionality of the Perfect	268
m.	The Futurate Perfect	277
n.	The Progressive	281
o.	Formal Semantics of the Progressive	290
p.	Imperfective and Perfective	295
q.	Temporal Adverbials	300
r.	Time Adverbials and the Adverbial Scope Paradox	310
s.	Multidimensional Indexing	313
t.	Events and Aktionsarten	319
u.	A Formal Semantic Theory with Events	326
v.	Situation Semantics	330
8.	Beyond the Semantics of Tense and Aspect	339
a.	Pragmatics and Sequence of Tense Phenomena	339
b.	The R-point Solution and Its Failure	342
c.	Syntactic Theories of SOT and Their Failure	353
d.	Semantic Problems for the Syntactic Solution	365
e.	Pragmatic Theories of Tense and Aspect: Use and Meaning	371
f.	Aspect, Foregrounding, and Backgrounding	378
g.	Salience and Relevance	381
h.	Shift of Past to Present: The Perfect	383
i.	Modal Functions of the Perfect	387
j.	Shift of Past to Present: The Historical Tenses	388
k.	Shift of Future to Present: The Futurates	389
l.	Shift of Present and Future to Past	390
m.	Toward a Formal Theory of Discourse Tense: Events and Discourses	393
n.	The Pragmatics of Discourse Tense	405
o.	Perspective	415
p.	Orientation	426
q.	Localization	431
r.	Tenseless Languages: The Problem of the Semitic Verb	434
s.	The Problem of Waw and the Pragmatics of the Semitic Verb	439
t.	"Tenseless" Languages	444
u.	Beyond Tense and Aspect	447
	Summary	452
a.	Tense	452
b.	Topical Summary	455
c.	Aspect	456
d.	The Formal Semantics of Tense and Aspect	458
e.	Pragmatics	460
	Envoi	462
	Notes	463
	References	507
	Index	525