Korle Meets the Sea: A Sociolinguistic History of Accra Book

1	A Dispute, a Saying, and Some Theory	5
	The Dispute	5
	The Saying	11
	Theoretical Considerations	14
2	Multilingualism and the West African City	20
	A Historical Overview	25
	Toward a Dynamic Model of West African Urban Multilingualism	32
	"Stable Triglossia" Reconsidered	33
	Domains, Goals, Networks, and Time	37
	Social Varieties and the "Pidgin" Problem	40
3	Modern Multilingual Accra I	42
	The Languages of the Inner City	46
	Inner Suburbia	63
4	Modern Multilingual Accra II	67
	Three Migrant Communities	69
	The Dagaaba	70
	The Bulsa	72
	The Kusaasi	74
	Polyglotism and the Multilingual Dynamic	78
	Continuities and Trends	89
5	To the Sea: The Formation of the Ga Language Community	100
	The Guang Factor	104
	The Akan Contribution	113
	From Eweland and Beyond	114
	Observations	115
6	Upstream, Inland: Other People's Languages	118
	Why Akan?	118
	Hausa and the Language of Indirect Rule	129
	Observations	138
7	Beyond the Sea: Exotic Languages	141
	The Portuguese and Their Language	142
	The Spread of English	150
	Remarks	160
8	Flood Control: The Dynamics of Multilingualism	162
	Accra as a Speech Field	162
	A Local Model for Language Spread	164
	Notes	169
	References	183
	Index	199