Sexuality Book

	Introduction: Historicizing Sexuality	3
I	Before 'Sexuality'
I.a	The Ancient World	17
1	Inanna Rejoicing in her Vulva	19
2	Festivals of Licence	21
3	Sowing the Field	22
4	Active and Passive Sexuality	23
5	The Speech of Pausanias	26
6	Were the Greeks Bisexual?	28
7	Honourable Sexuality	29
I.b	Early Christianity	31
8	Non-Christian Roots of Christian Sexual Pessimism	33
9	Paul and Christian Marriage	34
10	The Earliest Christian Ascetics	35
11	Celibacy vs. the Family	37
12	The Six Degrees of Chastity	38
I.c	The Middle Ages	40
13	Do Women Produce 'Seed'?	42
14	Sex and Pleasure	44
15	Is Female Pleasure Necessary for Conception?	45
16	The Dangers of Female Lust	46
17	The Manner of Intercourse	48
I.d	The Renaissance and Religious Reform	51
18	Fornication and then Marriage	54
19	Uncontrollable Love	55
20	Protestant Sexual Discipline	56
21	Catholic Sexual Discipline	58
22	Sexuality in the Confessional	59
23	Trial by Sexual Congress	61
24	Sodomy and its Punishment	63
25	Sodomy and Sin in New England	64
26	Sodomy and Moral Panic in the Low Countries	65
I.e	Enlightenment and Revolution	67
27	Sexual Self-Discipline: The Princess of Cleves	70
28	Civility and Self-Discipline	70
29	Sexuality and Identity	71
30	Exception and Norm	73
31	Sex under the Skin	74
32	'Deep Sex' in the Skeleton	75
33	Sexual Complementarity	78
34	Romantic Marriage, Women, and Fertility	78
35	The Use of Female Orgasm	80
36	The Sexuality of the Queen	81
37	The Sexual Contract	82
I.f	Up from the Beast: The Triumph of Middle-Class Sexuality	84
38	Bourgeois Sex	87
39	The Middle Class and the State	89
40	Peasant Sexuality	91
41	From Peasant to Bourgeois	93
42	Middle-Class Views of Working-Class Sexuality	95
43	Hygiene, Morality, and Class	96
44	Sexual Respectability in the Working Class	98
45	The Ideal of Transcendent Love	99
46	Spirituality and Sexual Pleasure	101
47	Passion amidst Propriety	104
48	Sexual Segregation	106
49	Intimacy between Women	107
50	Intimacy between Men	109
II	The Discovery of 'Sexuality' at the Turn of the Century
II.a	Doctors and Sexual Disorders	115
II.a.i	Experts	115
51	Professionalization and Medical Problems	116
52	Degeneration	117
53	The Priest and the Doctor	118
54	Degenerate Sexuality	120
II.a.ii	Hysteria	122
55	Hysteria and Repression	123
56	Hysteria and the Prostitute	124
57	Sexual Hysteria	125
58	Prostitute and Saint	126
II.a.iii	Prostitution	128
59	Stigmatization and the Contagious Diseases Act	129
60	Stigmatization of Prostitutes	131
61	Prostitution and New Forms of Desire	132
62	The Need for Chastity in Males	134
II.a.iv	Masturbation	137
63	Sexual Self-Observation	138
64	Masturbation and Degeneracy	139
65	Between Abstinence and Masturbation	141
II.b	The Perversions	143
66	Individualism and Sexuality	145
67	Biological Foundations	146
68	Pathology and Norm	147
69	Perversity and Perversion	149
II.b.i	Inversion	150
70	Biological and Social Causation	152
71	Hegemony of the Two-Sex Model: Males	153
72	Hegemony of the Two-Sex Model: Females	154
73	The Medicalization of 'Inverted' Sexuality	157
II.b.ii	Sadism	161
74	Sadism as an Exaggeration of Heterosexual Love	162
II.b.iii	Masochism	165
75	The Origins of Masochism	166
76	Masochism in Women	168
77	Christian Masochism?	169
II.b.iv	Fetishism	172
78	Fetishism and Modern Civilization	173
79	Fetishism and Impotence	175
80	Impotence and the Idealization of Women	176
II.b.v	Exhibitionism	179
81	Exhibitionism and Deviance	180
II.b.vi	Freud and Psychoanalysis	184
82	The Sexual Aberrations	185
83	A New Style of Psychiatric Reasoning	192
II.b.vii	Heterosexuality	196
84	Heterosexuality as a Perversion	197
85	The Invention of Heterosexuality	198
III	The Twentieth-Century Sexual Body
III.a	The Evolution of Sex	205
86	Sexual Selection	208
87	Sexual Difference	209
88	Variation and Evolution	214
89	The Origins of Sexual Reproduction	215
90	Sperm Competition Theory	218
91	Female Adultery	221
III.b	Hermaphroditism/Intersexuality	224
92	Hermaphroditism and the Orders of Nature	225
93	Gonadal Sex	227
94	The Developmental Etiology of Hermaphroditism	230
95	The Kinds of Sex	231
96	How to Build a Man	233
III.c	The Discovery of Hormones	239
97	Testicular Rejuvenation	242
98	The Monkey Gland Affair	246
99	Hormones and Sex Difference	247
100	Masculine and Feminine Hormones	250
III.d	Developmental Biology and Psychology	253
101	The Sexual Enlightenment of Children	255
102	The Invention of Adolescence	256
103	Changing Meanings of Menarche	259
104	How Play Reveals Sexual Difference	261
III.e	The Physiology of Sexual Function	265
105	The Female Orgasm	267
106	Psychology is Physiology	269
107	The Human Sexual Response Cycle	270
III.f	Transsexuality	276
108	The First Sex Change Operation	278
109	The Truth of Sexual Desire	279
110	The Truth of Anatomy	281
111	The Reassertion of Gender	282
III.g	The Gay Gene and the Sexual Brain	285
112	The Gay Gene	287
113	The Sexual Brain	290
114	The Biological Evidence Challenged	293
115	Male Homosexual Desire	302
IV	Sexual Revolution?
IV.a	Pioneers of Sex Reform	309
116	The Origins of the Birth Control Movement	312
117	The Deconstruction of Victorian Sexuality	314
118	Sexual Radicalism	317
119	The Ironies of State Promotion of Births: The Italian Case	320
120	The Ironies of Sex Education: The French Case	322
121	More Rational Sex: The German Case	324
IV.b	Second Wave Sexology	329
122	The Sexual Misery of Modern Man	332
123	The Limitations of Sexual Enlightenment in Marriage	334
124	New Male Responsibilities	338
125	The Radical Motives of Kinsey's Sex Research	341
126	Kinsey's Seven-Point Scale of Sexual Identity	345
IV.c	Stripping Off
127	Eros and Human Emancipation	351
128	Women's Sexual Liberation	354
129	Sexual Utopias	356
130	Public Celebrations	358
131	What Sexual Revolution?	360
132	The Sexual Revolution Was for Men	361
IV.d	Coming Out	364
133	Political Reform in Britain	366
134	Lesbian Generations	369
135	'Coming out' as a Rite of Passage	373
136	The Gay Clone	376
IV.e	A Golden Age for Pornography?	381
137	The Cruelty of the Inner Self	383
138	Why Men Like Porn	385
139	Feminist Puritanism	388
140	Female-Friendly Porn	389
141	Taming the Perversion	392
IV.f	AIDS	395
142	The Origins of the Epidemic	397
143	Shilts's Miserable Failure	399
144	The Sexual Ecology of HIV	402
145	Media Fabrications	405
IV.g	Sex Surveys: Have We Returned to Normal?	409
146	The Evolution of Sexual Practices	411
147	Homosexuality in America	412
148	A Gendered Interpretation of Orgasm	414
149	The Cultural Bias of Sex Surveys	415
150	Sex and the Single College Student	419
	Notes	427
	Select Bibliography	472
	Biographical Notes	475
	Source Acknowledgements	485
	Index	495