Access Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry and Drama Book

	Preface	xxix
	Introduction For Students-Getting Literature	xxxvii
	Whose Lit Is It Anyway?	xxxvii
Chapter 1	Getting Into Lit	1
	Active Reading	2
	Annotating and Arguing with the Text-Be More than Marginal	3
	Readings	4
	Talking Lit	10
Part 1	Fiction	17
Chapter 2	Profile of a Fiction Writer-Flannery O'Connor	19
	Religion and Violence in O'Connor's Fiction	19
	Great Fiction/Large Doses of Humor, Wisdom, Irony	21
	The Writer's Voice and the Reader's Response	21
	The Elements of Fiction	22
	Readings	23
	Talking Lit	60
	Student Essay	68
	Questions to Ask about Fiction	68
Chapter 3	Plot	71
	Beginning-Middle-End or Middle-Beginning-End	72
	Sources of Conflict	73
	The Conventional Resolution Versus the Open-Ended Story	74
	Looking Back and Looking Ahead-Flashback and Foreshadowing	75
	How We Talk about Literature	76
	Readings	76
	Talking Lit	111
Chapter 4	Characterization	117
	Major or Minor, Round or Flat	118
	Methods of Characterization	118
	Dynamic and Static Characters	120
	Character and Theme	120
	Readings	121
	Talking Lit	184
Chapter 5	Setting	189
	Physical Setting-A Sense of Place	190
	Time and Setting	190
	Setting and Theme	191
	Pst, Present, and Future Time	191
	Social Setting	192
	Readings	193
	Talking Lit	228
Chapter 6	Point of View	235
	Choose Your Character and Start the Game	236
	Point of View and Theme	236
	Types of Narrative Point of View	237
	Third-Person Voices	237
	Readings	242
	Talking Lit	275
	Student Essay	276
Chapter 7	Style, Tone of Voice and Irony	281
	Style-Syntax, Diction, and Dialect	282
	Tone and Voice	283
	Three Types of Irony	283
	Reliability and Unreliability	284
	Readings	285
	Talking Lit	330
Chapter 8	Metaphor, Image, And Symbol	335
	Figures of Speech	336
	Imagery	337
	Symbolism	337
	Readings	338
	Talking Lit	371
	Student Essay	373
Chapter 9	Myth and Fiction	375
	Myths Are All Around Us	376
	What Is Myth?	376
	Mythic Patterns and Archetypes	376
	The Hero's Odyssey	378
	Myths-Borderless and Timeless Stories	378
	Readings	380
	Talking Lit	409
	Student Essay	410
Chapter 10	Theme	415
	Meaning and Interpretation	416
	Image and Theme	416
	Characterization, Plot, and Theme	417
	Other Pathways to Theme	418
	Readings	419
	Talking Lit	455
Chapter 11	Cutting Edges: Metafiction and Avant-Pop	461
	What Is Metafiction?	462
	Avant-Pop and Intertextuality	463
	The Real and the Nonreal in Fiction	463
	Metafiction Readings	465
	Avant-Pop Readings	486
	Talking Lit	493
	Student Essay	499
Chapter 12	A Bookshelf of Short Fiction	501
	Readings	502
Part 2	Poetry	555
Chapter 13	Profile of a Poet-Langston Hughes	557
	Readings	558
	Elements of Poetry	562
	Poems for Further Reading	566
	Talking Lit	574
	Student Essay	581
	Questions to Ask about Poetry	585
Chapter 14	Word Choice, Word Order and Tone	587
	Denotative and Connotative Meanings	588
	Who's Talking-The Speaker of the Poem	589
	Levels of Diction	591
	Word Choice	594
	Word Order	596
	What's the Tone-Sad? Sarcastic? Pathetic? Playful?	597
	Juxtaposition and Contrast	599
	Poems for Further Reading	603
	Talking Lit	620
Chapter 15	Imagery and Symbolism	629
	What Is Imagery?	630
	Sensory Details	631
	Symbolism	638
	Poems for Further Reading	642
	Talking Lit	662
Chapter 16	Figures of Speech	667
	What Are Figures of Speech?	668
	Metaphor and Simile	668
	Personification	669
	Controlling Metaphor, Extended Metaphor	669
	Hyperbole	671
	Synecdoche and Metonymy	675
	Apostrophe and Understatement	676
	Poems for Further Reading	681
	Talking Lit	693
Chapter 17	Sound, Rhythm and Meter	697
	Sound Effects	698
	Rhyme	699
	Patterns of Rhythm, Called Metrical Patterns	700
	Rhythm and Line Breaks	702
	Poems for Further Reading	712
	Talking Lit	723
Chapter 18	Theme and Irony	727
	Pathways to Meaning-Figurative Language	728
	Pathways to Meaning-Image, Detail, Story	730
	Pathways to Meaning-The Speaker's Voice and Diction	732
	Pathways to Meaning-Four Types of Irony	734
	Poems for Further Reading	742
	Talking Lit	764
	Student Essay	767
Chapter 19	Fixed Forms	773
	The Ballad Stanza	774
	The Italian Sonnet	776
	The English Sonnet	778
	The Villanelle, the Sestina, and the Pantoum	780
	Syllabic Forms-Haiku and Tanka	783
	The Poet's Use of Form	785
	Poems for Further Reading	786
	Talking Lit	798
Chapter 20	Open Form	805
	What Is Open Form?	806
	Using Conventional Techniques in the Open-Form Poem	809
	Walt Whitman's Long-Lasting Influence	809
	Open Form Can Be Compact or Diffuse	814
	The Potential for Playfulness in Poetic Form	816
	Poems for Further Reading	825
	Talking Lit	848
Chapter 21	Myth and Poetry	853
	Myths of Love and Myth of Ancestors	854
	Fairy Tales	858
	Contextual Mythic Allusions	862
	Cultural Mythic Allusions	865
	Poems for Further Reading	871
	Talking Lit	888
Chapter 22	Cutting Edges: Protest and Performance Poetry	895
	Slam, Hip-Hop, and Spoken Word Poetry	896
	Protest Poetry	907
	Legacy: The Beats and Other Voices	920
	Talking Lit	929
Chapter 23	A Bookshelf of Poetry	935
Chapter 24	The Lives of Poets	997
Part 3	Getting Into Drama	1023
Chapter 25	Profile of A Playwright-David Ives	1025
	Frolics in Ivesland	1026
	Plot and Form	1027
	Characterization and Theme	1027
	Setting and Staging	1028
	Readings	1029
	Talking Lit	1039
	Student Essay	1046
	Questions to Ask about Drama	1051
Chapter 26	Plot and Form	1053
	The Importance of Plot	1054
	The Shape of a Conventional Plot	1054
	Individualizing the Structure of Plot	1055
	Conflict in the Dramatic Plot	1056
	A Final Note on Plot and Conflict	1057
	Readings	1058
	Talking Lit	1168
	Student Essay	1173
Chapter 27	Characterization and Theme	1175
	Characterization in Drama	1176
	What Is Modern Drama?	1176
	How Theme Is Revealed	1177
	Other Aspects of Characterization	1178
	Readings	1178
	Talking Lit	1223
	Student Essay	1248
Chapter 28	Setting and Staging	1259
	Physical Setting	1260
	Historical Setting	1260
	Social Setting	1260
	Staging-Realistic and Fantastic	1261
	Readings	1262
	Talking Lit	1318
	Student Essay	1323
Chapter 29	Myth and Drama	1329
	Hero Myths	1330
	Myths of Hidden and Revealed Identity	1330
	Readings	1331
	Talking Lit	1364
Chapter 30	Cutting Edges: Grassroots Theater	1371
	El Teatro Campesino	1372
	The Long Tradition of Grassroots Theater	1372
	Readings	1373
	Talking Lit	1387
Chapter 31	A Bookshelf of Plays	1391
Part 4	Getting Into Writing and Research	1417
Chapter 32	Talking and Writing About Lit	1419
	Read and Reread	1420
	Getting Started	1420
	Developing the Thesis	1421
	Rhetorical Modes/Analysis-Comparison and Contrast	1422
	Student Essay	1423
	Rhetorical Modes-Explication	1429
	Student Essay	1430
	Rhetorical Modes/Analysis-Argumentation	1433
	Student Essay	1433
	Rhetorical Modes/Analysis-Fiction into Film	1445
	Student Essay	1446
	Developing the Essay	1452
	Documenting Sources	1453
	Revising and Editing the Essay	1454
Chapter 33	Sources for Researching Lit	1457
	Writing The Literary Research Paper	1458
	Thinking Critically	1458
	Primary and Secondary Materials	1459
	Using Sources Wisely	1460
	MLA Documentation Guidelines	1464
	Student Research Paper	1471
Chapter 34	Access to Lit Crit: Pathways to Interpretation	1479
	Formalist Criticism	1480
	Historical and New Historicist Criticism	1481
	Archetypal and Mythological Criticism	1483
	Sociological Criticism	1484
	Biographical Criticism	1486
	Reader-Response Criticism	1487
	Psychological or Psychoanalytic Criticism	1488
	Cultural Criticism and Culture Studies	1489
	Deconstructionist Criticism	1490
	Eclectic Criticism	1490
	Glossary of Literary Terms	1493
	Photo Credits	1505
	Text Credits	1509
	Index of First Lines of Poems	1525
	Index of Authors and Titles	1529
	Index of Literary Terms	1536