Engineering Problem Solving with C++ Book

Contents

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING AND ENGINEERING PROBLEM SOLVING 2

1.1 Historical Perspective 3

1.2 Recent Engineering Achievements 7

Changing Engineering Environment 9

1.3 Computing Systems 11

Computer Hardware 11

Computer Software 12

1.4 Data Representation and Storage 16

Number Systems 17

Data Types and Storage 23

1.5 An Engineering Problem-Solving Methodology 26

Summary 29

Chapter 2

SIMPLE C++ PROGRAMS 34

ENGINEERING CHALLENGE: Global Change 34

2.1 Program Structure 35

2.2 Constants and Variables 39

Scientific Notation 41

Numeric Data Types 42

Boolean Data Type 44

Character Data Type 44

String Data 46

Symbolic Constants 47

2.3 C++ Operators 47

Assignment Operator 47

Arithmetic Operators 49

Precedence of Operators 51

Overflow and Underflow 54

Increment and Decement Operators 55

Abbreviated Assignment Operators 55

2.4 Standard Input and Output 57

The cout Object 57

Stream Objects 58

Manipulators 60

The cin Object 63

2.5 Numerical Technique: Linear Interpolation 65

2.6 Problem Solving Applied: Freezing Temperature of Seawater 69

2.7 Basic Functions Included in the C++ Standard Library 73

Elementary Math Functions 74

Trigonometric Functions 75

Hyperbolic Functions* 76

Character Functions 78

2.8 Problem Solving Applied: Velocity Computation 78

2.9 System Limitations 82

Summary 83

Chapter 3

CONTROL STRUCTURES 92

ENGINEERING CHALLENGE: Global Change 92

3.1 Algorithm Development 93

Top-Down Design 93

Structured Programming 94

Refinement in Pseudocode 95

Evaluation of Alternative Solutions 98

3.2 Conditional Expressions 98

Relational Operators 98

Logical Operators 99

Precedence and Associativity 101

3.3 Selection Statements 102

Simple if Statements 102

if/else Statement 104

switch Statement 108

3.4 Loop Structures 111

while Loop 111

do/while Loop 114

for Loop 116

break and continue Statements 120

Structuring Input Loops 121

3.5 Problem Solving Applied: Weather Balloons 125

Summary 130

Chapter 4

WORKING WITH DATA FILES 138

ENGINEERING CHALLENGE: Weather Prediction 138

4.1 Stream Class Hierarchy 139

Stream Class Hierarchy 139

ifstream Class 142

ofstream Class 144

4.2 Reading Data Files 145

Specified Number of Records 146

Trailer or Sentinel Signal 148

End-of-File 150

4.3 Generating a Data File 153

4.4 Problem Solving Applied: Data Filters–Modifying an HTML File 156

4.5 Error Checking 159

The Stream State 161

4.6 Numerical Technique: Linear Modeling* 166

4.7 Problem Solving Applied: Ozone Measurements* 169

Summary 175

Chapter 5

MODULAR PROGRAMMING WITH FUNCTIONS 182

ENGINEERING CHALLENGE: Enhanced Oil and Gas Recovery 182

5.1 Modularity 183

5.2 Programmer-Defined Functions 185

Function Definition 186

Function Prototype 194

5.3 Parameter Passing 195

Pass by Value 196

Pass by Reference 198

Storage Class and Scope 204

5.4 Problem Solving Applied: Calculating a Center of Gravity 206

5.5 Random Numbers 210

Integer Sequences 210

Floating-Point Sequences 214

5.6 Problem Solving Applied: Instrumentation Reliability 215

5.7 Numerical Technique: Roots of Polynomials* 222

Polynomial Roots 222

Incremental-Search Technique 224

5.8 Problem Solving Applied: System Stability* 226

Newton—Raphson Method* 232

5.9 Numerical Technique: Integration* 236

Integration Using the Trapezoidal Rule 236

Summary 240

Chapter 6

ONE-DIMENSIONAL ARRAYS 250

ENGINEERING CHALLENGE: Hurricane Tracking 250

6.1 Arrays 251

Definition and Initialization 252

Computation and Output 256

Function Arguments 260

6.2 Problem Solving Applied: Hurricane Categories 263

6.3 Statistical Measurements 269

Simple Analysis 269

Variance and Standard Deviation 271

Custom Header Files 274

6.4 Problem Solving Applied: Speech Signal Analysis 274

6.5 Sorting Algorithms 280

Selection Sort 281

6.6 Search Algorithms 282

Unordered Lists 283

Ordered Lists 283

6.7 Character Strings 285

C Style String Definition and I/O 285

String Functions 288

6.8 Problem Solving Applied: Palindromes 289

6.9 The string Class 293

Summary 295

Chapter 7

TWO-DIMENSIONAL ARRAYS AND MATRICES 300

ENGINEERING CHALLENGE: Terrain Navigation 300

7.1 Two-Dimensional Arrays 301

Declaration and Initialization 302

Computations and Output 306

Function Arguments 308

7.2 Problem Solving Applied: Terrain Navigation 311

7.3 Matrices* 316

Determinant 316

Transpose 317

Matrix Addition and Subtraction 318

Matrix Multiplication 318

7.4 Numerical Technique: Solution to Simultaneous Equations* 321

Graphical Interpretation 321

Gauss Ellimination 323

7.5 Problem Solving Applied: Electrical Circuit Analysis* 327

7.6 Higher Dimensional Arrays* 333

Summary 335

Chapter 8

AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSES 342

ENGINEERING CHALLENGE: Simulation 342

8.1 Programmer Defined Types 343

8.2 Design and Implementation of Classes 345

Class Declaration 345

Class Implementation 347

8.3 Class Composition 353

8.4 Constructors 357

Initialization Lists 361

8.5 The vector Class 364

Parameter Passing 366

8.6 Problem Solving Applied: Calculating Probabilities 368

8.7 The UnitVector Class 381

Private Member Functions 382

Class Objects as Arguments to Member Functions 384

8.8 Problem Solving Applied: Simulation 385

Summary 392

Chapter 9

AN INTRODUCTION TO POINTERS 396

ENGINEERING CHALLENGE: Weather Patterns 396

9.1 Addresses and Pointers 397

Address Operator 398

Pointer Assignment 400

Pointer Arithmetic 403

9.2 Pointers to Array Elements 406

One-Dimensional Arrays 407

Character Strings 409

Pointers as Function Arguments 410

9.3 Problem Solving Applied: El Ni˜no[K1] -Southern Oscillation Data 415

9.4 Dynamic Memory Allocation 418

The new Operator 418

Dynamically Allocated Arrays 420

The delete Operator 420

9.5 Problem Solving Applied: Seismic Event Detection 422

9.6 Common Errors Using new and delete 428

9.7 Data Structures and the C++ Standard Template Library (STL) 430

The link Class 430

The stack Class 434

The queue Class 436

9.8 Problem Solving Applied: Concordance of a Text File* 438

Summary 444

Chapter 10

ADDITIONAL TOPICS IN PROGRAMMING WITH CLASSES 450

ENGINEERING CHALLENGE: Artificial Intelligence 450

10.1 Introduction to Generic Programming 451

Function Templates 452

Overloading Operators 456

The pixel Class 456

Arithmetic Operators 458

friend Functions 463

10.2 Problem Solving Applied: Color Image Processing 468

10.3 Recursion 475

Factorial Function 475

Fibonacci Sequence 477

Binary Trees 479

10.4 Class Templates 490

10.5 Inheritance 496

The Square Class 497

The Cube Class 502

Virtual Methods 504

10.6 Problem Solving Applied: Iterated Prisoner’s Dilemma 507

Summary 516

Appendix A C++ Standard Library 521

Appendix B ASCII Character Codes 529

Appendix C Using MATLAB to Plot Data from ASCII Files 533

C++ Program to Generate a Data File 533

ASCII Data File Generated by the C++ Program 534

Generating a Plot with MATLAB 534

Appendix D References 536

Appendix E PRACTICE! Solutions 537

Index 553

[K1]Comp: fix accent to be over “n”