Counseling Book

Historical and Professional Foundations of Counseling     1
History of and Trends in Counseling     3
Definition of Counseling     4
Guidance     5
Psychotherapy     6
Counseling     6
History of Counseling     8
Before 1900     8
1900-1909     8
1910s     9
1920s     10
1930s     11
1940s     11
1950s     12
1960s     14
1970s     15
1980s     16
1990s     19
Current Trends in the New Millennium     20
Dealing with Violence, Trauma, and Crises     20
The Challenge of Managed Care     21
Promoting Wellness     21
Greater Emphasis on the Use of Technology     22
Leadership, Planning, and Advocacy     22
Identity     23
Summary and Conclusion     24
Summary Table-Highlights in the History of Counseling     25
Classroom Activities     26
References     27
Personal and Professional Aspects of Counseling     33
The Personality and Background of the Counselor     34
Negative Motivators for Becoming a Counselor     34
Personal Qualities of an Effective Counselor     35
Maintaining Effectiveness as a Counselor     37
Professional Aspects of Counseling     38
Levels of Helping     38
Professional Helping Specialties     39
The Education of Professional Counselors     40
Credentialing of Counselors     41
Inspection     42
Registration     42
Certification     42
Licensure     44
Attribution and Systematic Framework of the Counselor     44
Attributes     44
Systems of Counseling     46
Engaging in Professional Counseling-Related Activities     48
Continuing Education     48
Supervision     49
Advocacy     50
Portfolios     51
Summary and Conclusion     51
Classroom Activities     52
References     52
Ethical and Legal Aspects of Counseling     57
Definitions: Ethics, Morality, and Law     58
Ethics and Counseling     59
Professional Codes of Ethics and Standards     59
The Development of Codes of Ethics for Counselors     60
Limitations of Ethical Codes     61
Conflicts Within and Among Ethical Codes     62
Making Ethical Decisions     62
Other Guidelines for Acting Ethically     63
Educating Counselors in Ethical Decision Making     64
Ethics in Specific Counseling Situations     65
School Counseling and Ethics     68
Computers, Counseling, and Ethics     68
Marriage/Family Counseling and Ethics     68
Other Counseling Settings and Ethics     69
Multiple Relationships     69
Working with Counselors Who May Act Unethically     70
The Law and Counseling     71
Legal Recognition of Counseling     72
Legal Aspects of the Counseling Relationship     72
Civil and Criminal Liability     74
Legal Issues Involved When Counseling Minors     75
Client Rights and Records     75
The Counselor in Court     77
Ethics and the Law: Two Ways of Thinking     77
Summary and Conclusion     78
Classroom Activities     79
References     79
Counseling in a Multicultural and Diverse Society     85
Counseling Across Culture and Ethnicity     86
Defining Culture and Multicultural Counseling     87
History of Multicultural Counseling     88
Difficulties in Multicultural Counseling     89
Issues in Multicultural Counseling     90
Counseling Considerations with Specific Cultural Groups     93
European Americans     94
African Americans     94
Hispanics/Latinos     95
Asian and Pacific Islander Americans     96
Native Americans     96
International Counseling     98
Aged Populations     99
Old Age     100
Needs of the Aged     100
Counseling the Aged     101
Gender-Based Counseling     102
Counseling Women     103
Counseling Men     106
Counseling and Sexual Orientation     108
Counseling with Gays/Lesbians/Bisexuals/Transgenders     109
Counseling and Spirituality     109
Summary and Conclusion     111
Classroom Activities     112
References     112
Counseling Process and Theories     119
Building a Counseling Relationship     121
Factors That Influence the Counseling Process      122
Structure     122
Initiative     123
The Physical Setting     128
Client Qualities     129
Counselor Qualities     130
Types of Initial Interviews     131
Client-versus Counselor-Initiated Interviews     131
Information-Oriented First Interview     132
Relationship-Oriented First Interview     133
Conducting the Initial Interview     135
Empathy     136
Verbal and Nonverbal Behavior     136
Nonhelpful Interview Behavior     138
Exploration and the Identification of Goals     140
Summary and Conclusion     141
Classroom Activities     142
References     142
Working in a Counseling Relationship     147
Counselor Skills in the Understanding and Action Phases     149
Changing Perceptions     150
Leading     151
Multifocused Responding     151
Accurate Empathy     153
Self Disclosure     155
Immediacy     156
Humor     157
Confrontation     158
Contracting     159
Rehearsal      160
Transference and Countertransference     161
Transference     162
Countertransference     164
The Real Relationship     165
Summary and Conclusion     166
Classroom Activities     166
References     167
Termination of Counseling Relationships     171
Function of Termination     172
Timing of Termination     173
Issues of Termination     174
Termination of Individual Sessions     174
Termination of a Counseling Relationship     175
Resistance to Termination     176
Client Resistance     176
Counselor Resistance     177
Premature Termination     178
Counselor-Initiated Termination     180
Ending on a Positive Note     181
Issues Related to Termination: Follow-up and Referral     182
Follow-up     182
Referral and Recycling     182
Summary and Conclusion     183
Classroom Activities     184
References     184
Psychoanalytic, Adlerian, and Humanistic Theories of Counseling     187
Theory     188
Importance of Theory      189
Theory into Practice     190
Psychoanalytic Theories     192
Psychoanalysis     192
Adlerian Theory     195
Adlerian Counseling
Humanistic Theories     199
Person-Centered Counseling     199
Existential Counseling     202
Gestalt Therapy     204
Summary and Conclusion     208
Classroom Activities     208
References     209
Behavioral, Cognitive, Systemic, Brief, and Crisis Theories of Counseling     213
Behavior Counseling     214
Behavioral Therapy     214
Cognitive and Cognitive-Behavioral Counseling     218
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)     219
Reality Therapy     221
Systems Theories     224
Bowenian Systems Theory     224
Structural Family Counseling     227
Strategic (Brief) Counseling     229
Brief Counseling Approaches     231
Solution-Focused Counseling     231
Narrative Counseling     233
Crisis Counseling Approaches     235
Crisis Counseling
Summary and Conclusion     238
Classroom Activities     238
References      239
Core Counseling Activities in Various Settings     243
Groups in Counseling     245
A Brief History of Groups     246
Psychodrama     247
T-Groups     247
Encounter Groups     247
Group Marathons     248
Self-Help/Support Groups     248
Misperceptions and Realities About Groups     248
The Place of Groups in Counseling     249
Benefits and Drawbacks of Groups     250
Types of Groups     251
Psychoeducational Groups     251
Counseling Groups     252
Psychotherapy Groups     252
Task/Work Groups     253
Theoretical Approaches in Conducting Groups     253
Stages in Groups     254
Issues in Groups     255
Selection and Preparation of Group Members     257
Group Size and Duration     259
Open versus Closed Groups     260
Confidentiality     260
Physical Structure     261
Co-leaders     261
Self-disclosure     261
Feedback     262
Follow-up     262
Qualities of Effective Group Leaders      263
The Future of Group Work     263
Summary and Conclusion     266
Classroom Activities     266
References     267
Consultation     271
Consultation: Defining a Multifaceted Activity     272
Consultation versus Counseling     274
Four Conceptual Models     275
Levels of Consultation     276
Individual Consultation     276
Group Consultation     277
Organization/Community Consultation     277
Stages and Attitudes in Consultation     278
Specific Areas of Consultation     280
School Consultation     280
Agency Consultation     282
Training in Consultation     283
Summary and Conclusion     286
Classroom Activities     286
References     286
Evaluation and Research     291
The Nature of Evaluation and Research     292
Evaluation     293
Incorrect Evaluation Methods     293
Steps in Evaluation     293
Selecting an Evaluation Model     294
Counselors and Research     297
Research     298
Steps in the Research Process      298
The Relevance of Research     299
Choosing a Research Method     300
Emphases of Research     300
Major Research Methods     302
Guidelines for Using Research     306
Statistics     307
Statistical Concepts     307
Statistical Methods     308
Summary and Conclusion     309
Classroom Activities     309
References     310
Testing, Assessment, and Diagnosis in Counseling     315
A Brief History of the Use of Tests in Counseling     316
Tests and Test Scores     318
Problems and Potential of Using Tests     319
Qualities of Good Tests     320
Validity     321
Reliability     322
Standardization and Norms     322
Classification of Tests     322
Intelligence/Aptitude     323
Interest/Career     324
Personality     326
Achievement     329
Administration and Interpretation of Tests     330
Assessment     332
Diagnosis     334
Summary and Conclusion     335
Classroom Activities      336
References     336
Counseling Specialties     341
Career Counseling over the Life Span     343
The Importance of Career Counseling     345
Career Counseling Associations and Credentials     345
The Scope of Career Counseling and Careers     346
Career Information     347
Career Development Theories and Counseling     349
Trait-and-Factor Theory     349
Psychodynamic Theory     351
Developmental Theories     353
Social-Cognitive Theories     356
Comprehensive Career Counseling     357
Career Counseling with Diverse Populations     358
Career Counseling with Children     358
Career Counseling with Adolescents     361
Career Counseling with College Students     363
Career Counseling with Adults     363
Career Counseling with Women and Ethnic Minorities     365
Career Counseling with Gays/Lesbians/Bisexuals/Transgenders     368
Summary and Conclusion     369
Classroom Activities     369
References     370
Marriage and Family Counseling     377
The Beginnings of Marriage and Family Counseling      379
Trends     379
Family Therapy Pioneers and Contemporary Leaders     380
Associations, Education, and Research     381
Associations     381
Education     382
Research     382
Family Life and the Family Life Cycle     383
Marriage/Family Counseling versus Individual/Group Counseling     386
Overview of Marriage/Couples and Family Counseling     387
Marriage/Couples Counseling     387
Family Counseling     389
The Process of Marriage and Family Counseling     390
Presession Planning     391
Initial Session(s)     391
The Middle Phase of Family Counseling     392
Termination     394
Summary and Conclusion     395
Classroom Activities     395
References     396
Elementary, Middle, and Secondary School Counseling     399
Elementary School Counseling and Guidance     401
Emphases and Roles     402
Activities     404
Middle School Counseling and Guidance     410
Emphases and Roles     411
Activities     412
Secondary School Counseling and Guidance      415
Emphases and Roles     416
Activities     417
Twenty-First Century School Counseling     422
Summary and Conclusion     423
Classroom Activities     424
References     424
College Counseling and Student-Life Services     431
The Beginning of Student-Life Services and College Counseling     433
The Theoretical Bases and Professional Preparation for Working with College Students     434
Theoretical Bases     435
Professional Preparation     436
College Counseling     436
Emphases and Roles     436
Activities     437
Student-Life Professionals     442
Emphases and Roles     442
Activities     444
Counseling and Student-Life Services with Nontraditional Students     445
Older Students     445
First-Generation Students     446
Minority Culture Students     446
Student Athletes     447
Summary and Conclusion     447
Classroom Activities     448
References     448
Substance Abuse and Disability Counseling     455
Substance Abuse Counseling     456
The Nature of Substance Abuse     456
Affiliation, Certification, and Education of Substance Abuse Counselors     457
Preventing Substance Abuse     458
Treating Substance Abuse     459
Treating Alcohol Abuse     460
Treating Nicotine Addictions     460
Treating Illegal Drug Addiction     461
Treating Substance Abuse Families     461
Treating Work Addiction     462
Women and Cultural Groups in Substance Abuse Treatment     463
Counseling those with Disabilities     463
The Nature of Disabilities     464
The Affiliation, Certification, and Education of Disability Counselors     465
Working with the Disabled     465
Clients with Specific Disabilities     467
Summary and Conclusion     469
Classroom Activities     470
References     470
Mental Health and Community Counseling     475
Historical Overview of Mental Health and Community Counseling     476
Mental Health Counseling     476
Community Counseling     477
Mental Health Counseling as a Specialty     477
Theories and Functions     479
Community Counseling as a Specialty      483
Private Practice as a Specialty     484
Difficulties Setting Up a Private Practice     485
Advantages in Setting Up a Private Practice     485
Summary and Conclusion     486
Classroom Activities     486
References     487
ACA Code of Ethics     489
Ethics NBCC: The Practice of Internet Counseling     508
DSM-IV-TR Classification     511
Counseling-Related Organizations     520
Name Index     521
Subject Index     535