College Physics, Volume 1 Book

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1 Measurement and Problem Solving 1

Insight: 1.1 Why Study Physics? 2

1.1 Why and How We Measure 2

1.2 SI Units of Length, Mass, and Time 3

Insight: 1.2 What Is Time? 6

1.3 More about the Metric System 7

1.4 Unit Analysis 10

1.5 Unit Conversions 12

Insight: 1.3 Is Unit Conversion Important? 16

1.6 Significant Figures 17

1.7 Problem Solving 20

Chapter Review 24 Exercises 25

2 Kinematics: Description of Motion 32

2.1 Distance and Speed: Scalar Quantities 33

2.2 One-Dimensional Displacement and Velocity: Vector Quantities 35

Learn by Drawing: Cartesian Coordinates and One-Dimensional Displacement 35

2.3 Acceleration 40

Learn by Drawing: Signs of Velocity and Acceleration 42

2.4 Kinematic Equations (Constant Acceleration) 45

2.5 Free Fall 49

Insight: 2.1 Galileo Galilei and the Leaning Tower of Pisa 51

Chapter Review 56 Exercises 57

3 Motion in Two Dimensions 67

3.1 Components of Motion 68

3.2 Vector Addition and Subtraction 73

Learn by Drawing: Make a Sketch and Add Them Up 80

3.3 Projectile Motion 81

3.4 Relative Velocity 90

Chapter Review 94 Exercises 95

4 Force and Motion 103

4.1 The Concepts of Force and Net Force 104

4.2 Inertia and Newton’s First Law of Motion 105

4.3 Newton’s Second Law of Motion 106

Insight: 4.1 g’s of Force and Effects on the Human Body 108

4.4 Newton’s Third Law of Motion 112

Insight: 4.2 Sailing into the Wind—Tacking 115

4.5 More on Newton’s Laws: Free-Body Diagrams and Translational Equilibrium 116

Learn byDrawing: Forces on an Object on an Inclined Plane and Free-body Diagrams 116

4.6 Friction 121

Chapter Review 130 Exercises 131

5 Work and Energy 140

5.1 Work Done by a Constant Force 141

Learn by Drawing: Work: Area under the F-versus-x Curve 142

Learn by Drawing: Determining the Sign of Work 143

5.2 Work Done by a Variable Force 145

5.3 The Work–Energy Theorem: Kinetic Energy 148

5.4 Potential Energy 152

5.5 Conservation of Energy 155

Insight: 5.1 People Power: Using Body Energy 156

Learn by Drawing: Energy Exchanges: A Falling Ball 161

5.6 Power 164

Insight: 5.2 Hybrid Energy Conversion 164

Chapter Review 168 Exercises 169

6 Linear Momentum and Collisions 177

6.1 Linear Momentum 178

6.2 Impulse 182

6.3 Conservation of Linear Momentum 185

Insight: 6.1 The Automobile Air Bag and Martian Air Bags 186

6.4 Elastic and Inelastic Collisions 191

6.5 Center of Mass 198

6.6 Jet Propulsion and Rockets 204

Chapter Review 207 Exercises 207

7 Circular Motion and Gravitation 216

7.1 Angular Measure 217

7.2 Angular Speed and Velocity 219

Learn by Drawing: The Small-Angle Approximation 219

7.3 Uniform Circular Motion and Centripetal Acceleration 223

Insight: 7.1 The Centrifuge: Separating Blood Components 225

7.4 Angular Acceleration 228

7.5 Newton’s Law of Gravitation 231

Insight: 7.2 Space Exploration: Gravity Assists 238

7.6 Kepler’s Laws and Earth Satellites 238

Insight: 7.3 “Weightlessness”: Effects on the Human Body 245

Chapter Review 247 Exercises 248

8 Rotational Motion and Equilibrium 256

8.1 Rigid Bodies, Translations, and Rotations 257

8.2 Torque, Equilibrium, and Stability 259

8.3 Rotational Dynamics 270

Insight: 8.1 Stability in Action 271

8.4 Rotational Work and Kinetic Energy 277

8.5 Angular Momentum 280

Insight: 8.2 Slide or Roll to a Stop? Antilock Brakes 281

Chapter Review 287 Exercises 288

9 Solids and Fluids 297

9.1 Solids and Elastic Moduli 298

9.2 Fluids: Pressure and Pascal’s Principle 302

Insight: 9.1 Osteoporosis and Bone Mineral Density (BMD) 304

Insight: 9.2 An Atmospheric Effect: Possible Earaches 311

Insight: 9.3 Blood Pressure and Its Measurement 312

9.3 Buoyancy and Archimedes’ Principle 313

9.4 Fluid Dynamics and Bernoulli’s Equation 319

*9.5 Surface Tension, Viscosity, and Poiseuille’s Law 324

Insight: 9.4 The Lungs and Baby’s First Breath 325

Chapter Review 329 Exercises 330

10 Temperature and Kinetic Theory 338

10.1 Temperature and Heat 339

10.2 The Celsius and Fahrenheit Temperature Scales 340

Insight: 10.1 Human Body Temperature 343

10.3 Gas Laws, Absolute Temperature, and the Kelvin Temperature Scale 343

Insight: 10.2 Warm-Blooded versus Cold-Blooded 344

10.4 Thermal Expansion 350

Learn by Drawing: Thermal Area Expansion 351

10.5 The Kinetic Theory of Gases 354

Insight: 10.3 Physiological Diffusion in Life Processes 357

*10.6 Kinetic Theory, Diatomic Gases, and the Equipartition Theorem 357

Chapter Review 360 Exercises 361

11 Heat 367

11.1 Definition and Units of Heat 368

11.2 Specific Heat and Calorimetry 370

11.3 Phase Changes and Latent Heat 374

Learn by Drawing: From Cold Ice to Hot Steam 377

11.4 Heat Transfer 379

Insight: 11.1 Physiological Regulation of Body Temperature 380

Insight: 11.2 Physics, the Construction Industry, and Energy Conservation 384

Insight: 11.3 The Greenhouse Effect 388

Chapter Review 390 Exercises 391

12 Thermodynamics 397

12.1 Thermodynamic Systems, States, and Processes 398

12.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics 399

12.3 Thermodynamic Processes for an Ideal Gas 403

Learn by Drawing: Leaning on Isotherms 409

12.4 The Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy 410

Insight: 12.1 Life, Order, and the Second Law 414

12.5 Heat Engines and Thermal Pumps 414

Learn by Drawing: Representing Work in Thermal Cycles 415

Insight: 12.2 Thermodynamics and the Human Body 420

12.6 The Carnot Cycle and Ideal Heat Engines 422

Chapter Review 425 Exercises 426

13 Vibrations and Waves 433

13.1 Simple Harmonic Motion 434

Learn by Drawing: Oscillating in a Parabolic Potential Well 437

13.2 Equations of Motion 439

13.3 Wave Motion 446

13.4 Wave Properties 449

Insight: 13.1 Earthquakes, Seismic Waves, and Seismology 450

13.5 Standing Waves and Resonance 454

Insight: 13.2 Desirable and Undesirable Resonances 458

Chapter Review 459 Exercises 460

14 Sound 467

14.1 Sound Waves 468

Insight: 14.1 Ultrasound in Medicine 470

14.2 The Speed of Sound 471

14.3 Sound Intensity and Sound Intensity Level 474

Insight: 14.2 The Physiology and Physics of the Ear and Hearing 475

14.4 Sound Phenomena 481

14.5 The Doppler Effect 484

Insight: 14.3 Doppler Applications: Blood Cells and Raindrops 490

14.6 Musical Instruments and Sound Characteristics 491

Chapter Review 496 Exercises 498

15 Electric Charge, Forces, and Fields 505

15.1 Electric Charge 506

15.2 Electrostatic Charging 508

15.3 Electric Force 512

15.4 Electric Field 517

Learn by Drawing: Using the Superposition Principle to Determine the Electric Field Direction 518

Learn by Drawing: Sketching Electric Lines of Force 521

Insight: 15.1 Lightning and Lightning Rods 523

Insight: 15.2 Electric Fields in Law Enforcement and Nature: Stun Guns and Electric Fish 524

15.5 Conductors and Electric Fields 526

*15.6 Gauss’s Law for Electric Fields: A Qualitative Approach 528

Chapter Review 529 Exercises 530

APPENDIX I Mathematical Review (with Examples) for College Physics A-1

APPENDIX II Kinetic Theory of Gases A-5

APPENDIX III Planetary Data A-6

APPENDIX IV Alphabetical Listing of the Chemical Elements A-7

APPENDIX V Properties of Selected Isotopes A-7

Answers to Follow-Up Exercises A-10

Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises A-18

Photo Credits P-1

Index I-1