College Physics, Volume 2 Book

16 Electric Potential, Energy, and Capacitance 536

16.1 Electric Potential Energy and Electric Potential Difference 537

Learn by Drawing: ¢V Is Independent of Reference Point 538

16.2 Equipotential Surfaces and the Electric Field 543

Learn by Drawing: Graphical Relationship between Electric Field Lines and Equipotentials 547

16.3 Capacitance 549

Insight: 16.1 Electric Potential and Nerve Signal Transmission 552

16.4 Dielectrics 552

16.5 Capacitors in Series and in Parallel 557

Chapter Review 561 Exercises 562

17 Electric Current and Resistance 568

17.1 Batteries and Direct Current 569

Learn by Drawing: Sketching Circuits 571

17.2 Current and Drift Velocity 571

17.3 Resistance and Ohm’s Law 573

Insight: 17.1 The “Bio-Generation” of High Voltage 575

Insight: 17.2 Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) 578

17.4 Electric Power 580

Chapter Review 585 Exercises 586

18 Basic Electric Circuits 591

18.1 Resistances in Series, Parallel, and Series—Parallel Combinations 592

18.2 Multiloop Circuits and Kirchhoff’s Rules 599

Learn by Drawing: Kirchhoff Plots: A Graphical Interpretation of Kirchhoff’s Loop Theorem 602

18.3 RC Circuits 604

18.4 Ammeters and Voltmeters 607

Insight: 18.1 Applications of RC Circuits to Cardiac Medicine 608

18.5 Household Circuits and Electrical Safety 611

Insight: 18.2 Electricity and Personal Safety 614

Chapter Review 615 Exercises 616

19 Magnetism 623

19.1 Magnets, Magnetic Poles, and Magnetic Field Direction 624

19.2 Magnetic Field Strength and Magnetic Force 626

19.3 Applications: Charged Particles in Magnetic Fields 629

19.4 Magnetic Forces on Current-Carrying Wires 632

19.5 Applications: Current-Carrying Wires in Magnetic Fields 635

19.6 Electromagnetism: The Source of Magnetic Fields 637

19.7 Magnetic Materials 641

Insight: 19.1 The Magnetic Force in Future Medicine 642

*19.8 Geomagnetism: The Earth’s Magnetic Field 644

Insight: 19.2 Magnetism in Nature 645

Chapter Review 647 Exercises 648

20 Electromagnetic Induction and Waves 656

20.1 Induced emf: Faraday’s Law and Lenz’s Law 657

20.2 Electric Generators and Back emf 663

Insight: 20.1 Electromagnetic Induction at Work: Flashlights and Antiterrorism 664

Insight: 20.2 Electromagnetic Induction at Play: Hobbies and Transportation 666

20.3 Transformers and Power Transmission 668

20.4 Electromagnetic Waves 672

Chapter Review 679 Exercises 679

21 AC Circuits 686

21.1 Resistance in an AC Circuit 687

21.2 Capacitive Reactance 689

21.3 Inductive Reactance 691

21.4 Impedance: RLC Circuits 693

21.5 Circuit Resonance 697

Insight: 21.1 Oscillator Circuits: Broadcasters of Electromagnetic Radiation 699

Chapter Review 700 Exercises 701

22 Reflection and Refraction of Light 705

22.1 Wave Fronts and Rays 706

22.2 Reflection 707

22.3 Refraction 708

Learn by Drawing: Tracing the Reflected Rays 708

Insight: 22.1 A Dark, Rainy Night 709

Insight: 22.2 Negative Index of Refraction and the “Perfect” Lens 715

22.4 Total Internal Reflection and Fiber Optics 717

Insight: 22.3 Fiber Optics: Medical Applications 720

22.5 Dispersion 721

Insight: 22.4 The Rainbow 722

Chapter Review 723 Exercises 724

23 Mirrors and Lenses 729

23.1 Plane Mirrors 730

23.2 Spherical Mirrors 732

Insight: 23.1 It’s All Done with Mirrors 733

Learn by Drawing: A Mirror Ray Diagram (see Example 23.2) 734

23.3 Lenses 740

Learn by Drawing: A Lens Ray Diagram (see Example 23.5) 743

Insight: 23.2 Fresnel Lenses 748

23.4 The Lens Maker’s Equation 750

*23.5 Lens Aberrations 752

Chapter Review 753 Exercises 754

24 Physical Optics: The Wave Nature of Light 760

24.1 Young’s Double-Slit Experiment 761

24.2 Thin-Film Interference 764

Insight: 24.1 Nonreflecting Lenses 768

24.3 Diffraction 768

24.4 Polarization 775

Learn by Drawing: Three Polarizers (see Integrated Example 24.6.) 778

*24.5 Atmospheric Scattering of Light 782

Insight: 24.2 LCDs and Polarized Light 783

Insight: 24.3 Optical Biopsy 785

Chapter Review 785 Exercises 786

25 Vision and Optical Instruments 792

25.1 The Human Eye 793

Insight: 25.1 Cornea “Orthodontics” and Surgery 797

25.2 Microscopes 799

25.3 Telescopes 803

25.4 Diffraction and Resolution 807

Insight: 25.2 Telescopes Using Nonvisible Radiation 808

*25.5 Color 810

Chapter Review 813 Exercises 814

26 Relativity 819

26.1 Classical Relativity and the Michelson—Morley Experiment 820

26.2 The Postulates of Special Relativity and the Relativity of Simultaneity 822

26.3 The Relativity of Length and Time: Time Dilation and Length Contraction 825

26.4 Relativistic Kinetic Energy, Momentum, Total Energy, and Mass—Energy Equivalence 833

26.5 The General Theory of Relativity 837

Insight: 26.1 Relativity in Everyday Living 838

*26.6 Relativistic Velocity Addition 841

Insight: 26.2 Black Holes, Gravitational Waves, and LIGO 842

Chapter Review 844 Exercises 845

27 Quantum Physics 851

27.1 Quantization: Planck’s Hypothesis 852

27.2 Quanta of Light: Photons and the Photoelectric Effect 854

Learn by Drawing: The Photoelectric Effect and Energy Conservation 856

27.3 Quantum “Particles”: The Compton Effect 858

27.4 The Bohr Theory of the Hydrogen Atom 860

27.5 A Quantum Success: The Laser 866

Insight: 27.1 CD and DVD Systems 869

Insight: 27.2 Lasers in Modern Medicine 870

Chapter Review 871 Exercises 873

28 Quantum Mechanics and Atomic Physics 877

28.1 Matter Waves: The de Broglie Hypothesis 878

28.2 The Schrödinger Wave Equation 881

Insight: 28.1 The Electron Microscope 883

Insight: 28.2 The Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) 884

28.3 Atomic Quantum Numbers and the Periodic Table 885

Insight: 28.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) 888

28.4 The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle 894

28.5 Particles and Antiparticles 896

Chapter Review 897 Exercises 898

29 The Nucleus 902

29.1 Nuclear Structure and the Nuclear Force 903

29.2 Radioactivity 906

29.3 Decay Rate and Half-Life 911

29.4 Nuclear Stability and Binding Energy 917

29.5 Radiation Detection, Dosage, and Applications 922

Insight: 29.1 Biological and Medical Applications of Radiation 927

Chapter Review 929 Exercises 930

30 Nuclear Reactions and Elementary Particles 935

30.1 Nuclear Reactions 936

30.2 Nuclear Fission 939

30.3 Nuclear Fusion 944

30.4 Beta Decay and the Neutrino 946

30.5 Fundamental Forces and Exchange Particles 948

30.6 Elementary Particles 951

30.7 The Quark Model 953

30.8 Force Unification Theories, the Standard Model, and the Early Universe 954

Chapter Review 956 Exercises 957

APPENDIX I Mathematical Review (with Examples) for College Physics A-1

APPENDIX II Kinetic Theory of Gases A-5

APPENDIX III Planetary Data A-6

APPENDIX IV Alphabetical Listing of the Chemical Elements A-7

APPENDIX V Properties of Selected Isotopes A-7

Answers to Follow-Up Exercises A-10

Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises A-18

Photo Credits P-1

Index I-1