Introduction to Design Book

Preface 8

Part 1 Elements 13

Chapter 1 Points and Lines 15

Introduction 16

Points 20

Types of Line 22

Line Direction 24

Box–De Stijl: Netherlands, 1917—32 25

Box–Constructivism: Russia, 1919—34 26

Line Quality 28

Lines and Outlines–Describing Shapes 30

Box–Pop Art: England and America,
1950—70s 31

Contours, Wireframes, and Freeform Gesture 32

Lines as Value–Cross-Hatching and Screening 34

Imaginary Lines–Lost and Found Edges 36

Box–Plakastil: Germany, 1900—21 37

Exercises 37

Chapter 2 Shape 39

Introduction 40

Geometric and Rectilinear Shapes 46

Curvilinear and Biomorphic Shapes 48

Box–Art Nouveau: France, Worldwide
1890—1914 49

Abstract and Non-representational Shapes 50

Box–Cubism: France, 1907—14 51

Text and Type 52

Positive and Negative Shapes 54

Distortion and Idealism 56

Box–The Renaissance: Italy,
14th to 16th Century 57

Exercises 59

Chapter 3 Texture 61

Introduction 62

Tactile Texture 66

Collage 68

Box–Dada: Germany and Paris,
1916—22 70

Visual Texture 72

Trompe L’oeil 74

Pattern 76

Exercises 77

Chapter 4 Space–Creating the Illusion of Depth 79

Introduction 80

Space–Shallow and Deep 86

Size Cues 88

Linear Perspective 90

One-Point Perspective 94

Two-Point Perspective 96

Three-Point Perspective 98

Amplified and Aerial Perspective 100

Metric Projections 102

Box–Modernism: Worldwide,
1890—1970 105

Open and Closed Compositions 106

Spatial Confusion 108

Exercises 109

Chapter 5 Time and Motion 111

Introduction 112

Box–Kinetic Art 112

Anticipated Motion 116

Repeated Figures 118

Multiple Images 120

Box–Futurism: Italy, 1909—16 120

Motion Blur 122

Box–Abstract Expressionism: America,
1940s—60s 123

Exercises 123

Chapter 6 Value 125

Introduction 126

Patterns of Value 132

Chiaroscuro–Light and Shade 134

Digital Shading and Lighting 138

Exercises 141

Chapter 7 Color 143

Introduction 144

Box–Impressionism: France,
1867—86 147

What Is Color? 148

Color Characteristics 150

Color Theory–Wheels, Triangles,
and Trees 152

Box–Bauhaus: Germany, 1919—33 152

Color Through the Ages 154

Color Printing, Computers, and the Web 158

Color Interactions 160

Box–Pointillism: France, 1883—1900 160

Color Schemes 162

Using Color 166

Warm and cool 167

Emphasis 167

Box–The Pre-Raphaelites: Britain,
1848—60 167

Visual balance 168

Space and depth 168

Box–Fauvism: France, 1905—08 168

Value 169

The Meaning of Color 170

Exercises 171

Part 2 Rules 173

Chapter 8 Unity and Harmony 175

Introduction 176

Thematic Unity 180

Gestalt and Visual Unity 182

The Grid 184

Achieving Unity 186

Exercises 189

Chapter 9 Balance 191

Introduction 192

Formal and Informal Balance 196

Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Balance 198

Balance by Shape and Texture 200

Balance by Value and Color 202

Balance by Position and Eye Direction 204

Radial Balance 206

Crystallographic Balance 208

Exercises 209

Chapter 10 Scale and Proportion 211

Introduction 212

Human Scale 216

Contrast and Confusion 220

Box–Surrealism: France, 1924—39 221

Ideal Proportion 222

Exercises 225

Chapter 11 Contrast and Emphasis 227

Introduction 228

Contrast by Value and Color 232

Isolation 234

Placement 236

Absence of Focal Point 238

Exercises 241

Chapter 12 Rhythm 243

Introduction 244

Rhythm and Motion 248

Alternating and Progressive Rhythm 250

Box–Art Deco: Worldwide,
1920—39 250

Rhythmic Sensation 252

Exercises 253

Glossary 254

Bibliography 262

Web Resources 264

Picture Credits 265

Index 267