Criminology: A Global Perspective Book

Preface     xvii
Acknowledgments     xxv
Criminology in a Fast-Changing World     1
Introduction     2
The Need for a Global Approach     3
Legal Systems of the World     5
History of Crime and Punishment in the,United States     7
The Pillory and Post     9
Characteristics of Deists     13
State V. John Scopes ("The Monkey Trial")     14
Development of Criminal Law in America     15
Golden Age of the Victim     17
Definitions of Crime in Civil Law Systems     20
Global Approach Taken in this Text     23
Summary and Conclusion     24
Discussion Questions     25
Suggested Websites     26
Endnotes     26
Extent and Trends in Crime     28
Introduction     29
United States versus the World     30
The Historical Development of Criminology Statistics     33
Scientific Method     34
United States National Crime Databases     38
Definitions-Part I Offenses in Uniform Crime Reporting     41
Arson     42
Use of Police-Based Data in This Text     44
How toCompute Crime Rates     46
Reversing the Upward Trend of Crime     49
Clearance Rates     52
The National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)     54
Definitions of Crimes Included in NCVS Report     58
International Crime Databases     64
Official Statistics in China-Misleading Measures of Crime     69
Summary and Conclusion     71
Discussion Questions     72
Suggested Websites     72
Endnotes     73
Historical Theories of Crime     75
Introduction     76
Religious Theories of Crime Causation     76
Animism and Voodoo in Benin     78
The Ten Commandment Controversy     79
Buddhism and Prison Reform in China     80
Islam in Former Soviet Countries     81
Death Penalty for Converts from Islam in Sudan     82
Does Shari'a Law Curb Crime?     82
The Classical School of Criminology     83
Beccaria's Bleven Propositions     84
Theory vs. Practice in France     85
Biological Determinism     85
The Thugs of India     87
Raffaele Garofalo's Typology     87
Mind, Self and Crime      91
Freudian Typologies Used in Corrections     93
"Born Criminal" Revisited: IQ and Delinquency     94
The Bell Curve     96
Psychological Trait Theory     97
Summary and Conclusion     99
Discussion Questions     99
Suggested Websites     100
Endnotes     100
Sociological Theories of Crime     102
Introduction     103
The Chicago School of Criminology     104
Urbanization and Crime in Korea and India     106
Test of Differential Association Theory in Iran     108
Typology of Crime Based Upon Differential Association Theory     109
Opportunity Theory     109
Anomie and Synnomie     112
Labeling Theory     114
Official Labeling and Self-Esteem in China     115
Conflict Theory     117
Marxist-Leninism in Vietnam     119
Summary and Conclusion     122
Discussion Questions     123
Suggested Websites     123
Endnotes     123
Contemporary Theories of Crime     125
Introduction     126
Neoclassical Approaches     127
Elderly Murdered in Homes in Canada     130
Feminist Theory     133
Biological Theories     138
Castration of Sex Offenders in West Germany     140
Female Hormone Implants Cut Sex Offenses     141
Phrenology     142
Self-Control Theory     145
Hirschi's Bonding Theory Tested in Jordan and Saudi Arabia     149
"Danwei" and Criminality in China     149
Social Learning Theory     150
Restorative Justice Theory     151
Reintegrative Shaming in China     152
Peacemaking Circle Process     153
Tribal Punishments in Recent East African History     154
Postmodern Criminology     154
Critical Criminology     155
Integrating Criminological Theories     156
Comparative View of Crime     157
Crime Booms     158
Summary and Conclusion     159
Discussion Questions     160
Suggested Websites     160
Endnotes     160
Criminal Homicide     163
Introduction     164
Case Study: Richard, a Murderer     164
Definition     165
Extent and Trends     166
Types of Murder     169
Types of Murder     169
Dowry Murders in India     170
Typical Murders     170
Culture Clash led to "Honor Killing" of Teen Daughter     171
Theory     171
Maternal Smoking and Violent Crime in Finland     173
Low Heart Rate and Aggression in Children in Mauritius     174
Female Homicide and Schizophrenia in Finland     179
United States: Mentally Ill Mistreated in Prison     180
Violence and Untreated Severe Mental Illness     181
Maternal Filicide and Mental Illness in Canada     181
Psychiatric Admissions in Finland     182
Cults, Paranoia, and Murder in Guyana     184
Running "Amok" in Laos and North America     185
Mass Murder Copycat Effect in Australia     185
Symptoms Warning of Workplace Violence     186
Murder in Pakistan     192
Homicide/Suicide in Finland     193
U.S. Federal Gun Laws     197
Directed Patrol     198
"Do-it-Yourself Justice" and Homicide in Uganda     200
Mediation in Sudan     201
Country Profiles     201
Homicide in Russia     205
Honduras Highest Rate of Murder in 1998     205
Enforcement Terrorism     207
Murder by Cop     209
Summary and Conclusion     213
Discussion Questions     214
Suggested Websites     215
Endnotes     215
Forcible Rape     218
Introduction     219
Case Study: Fred, a Rapist     219
Definition     221
Forcible Rape Replaced by Sexual Assault in Canada     222
Violence against Women Byproduct of War in Serbia     224
When Sex Abuse Can Lead to Murder     227
Extent and Trends in Rape     229
"Black Peril" and Death Penalty for Attempted Rap{caron} in Zimbabwe     230
Types of Rape and Rapists     233
Spousal Rape in Japan     234
Marital Rape and the Law     235
Date Rape in Kenya     236
Theories of Rape     236
Political Rape in Zimbabwe     240
Blaming the Victim of Rape in Pakistan     241
Rape Suicide in China     242
Delegacias de Policia in Brazil     245
Decreased Rape Rate Statements     246
Country Profiles     248
Prison Rape     250
HIV/AIDS and Rape in Sub-Saharan Africa and the Caribbean     252
Female Genital Mutilation     256
Summary and Conclusion     259
Discussion Questions     260
Suggested Websites     260
Endnotes     261
Robbery     263
Introduction     264
Case Study: Ray, a Bank Robber     264
Definition     267
Extent and Trends in Robbery     269
Types of Robbers     269
Victims of Robbery in Nigeria     272
Profiling Robbery     273
Theories of Robbery     274
State Terrorism and Robbery     275
The Swiss Paradox: Low Robbery but High Burglary     277
Portugal, Robbery, and the War on Drugs     278
Drug Sales and Property Crime in Australia     279
Country Profiles     279
Underreporting Crime in Nigeria     282
The Chapulines of Costa Rica     283
Security in the Bahamas     286
"Express Robbery" in Mexico     294
Opium Wars Come Back to Haunt the United Kingdom     295
Summary and Conclusion     296
Discussion Questions     296
Suggested Websites      297
Endnotes     297
Assault     299
Introduction     300
Domestic Violence     300
Elder Abuse     300
Child Abuse     300
Definition     301
Extent and Trends     302
Need for a Theory of Assault     304
Themes in Assault Studies     304
Types of Assault     306
School Bullying: International Perspective     307
Hooliganism: Violence as "Play" in Belgium     308
Chastisement versus Spousal Abuse in Sierra Leone and Singapore     312
Domestic Violence Laws Strict in Sweden     315
Mandatory Caning for Domestic Violence in Singapore     316
Child Selling     318
Camel Jockeys: Unrecorded Child Abuse in the United Arab Emirates     318
Theory     323
Country Profiles     324
How Diamonds Bought Arms for Angolan Rebels     344
Summary and Conclusion     349
Discussion Questions     349
Suggested Websites     350
Endnotes     350
Sneak Thieves: Burglary, Larceny, and Motor Vehicle Theft     353
Introduction     354
Pete, a Burglar      354
Wes, a Shoplifter     354
Lucy, a Shoplifter     354
Dorah, a South African Shoplifter     354
Jason, a Canadian Car Thief     355
Definition     356
Burglary and Larceny-Theft in the United States Compared with Argentina     357
National Stealthy Theft Statistics     360
Sale of Nonexistent Vehicles in South Africa     369
Types of Stealthy Theft     369
Personal Theft in France     373
Joyriders Beaten in Northern Ireland     375
Profiling Stealthy Theft     375
Latvia Declares War on Drugs and Reaps "Reward"-Higher Property Crime     376
Truancy and Shoplifting     376
Theory     377
Drug Use in the Netherlands     379
Consumer Misbehavior in Britain     381
Death Penalty for Shoplifting in 18th Century England     383
Shoplifting Number one Crime for German Drug Addicts     384
Country Profiles     388
Economic Equality Not a Cure for Crime in Romania     390
The "Bloody Codes" of Saudi Arabia     393
"Coyote" Car Thieves in the United States     411
Summary and Conclusion     417
Discussion Questions     419
Suggested Websites     420
Endnotes     420
Organized Crime     425
Introduction     426
Case Study: Ralph, an Eyewitness     426
Case Study: Tony, an "Enforcer"     426
Definition     428
Types of Organized Crime     431
Global View of Organized Crime     438
Golden Triangle and Golden Crescent     444
The Golden Venture Incident     448
Yakuza and the Crime Rate     450
Child Trafficking Linked with Heroin Trade in Nigeria     467
Trafficking in Wildlife Linked with Drug Trade     468
Summary and Conclusion     477
Discussion Questions     478
Suggested Websites     478
Endnotes     478
The Drug Trade     481
Introduction     482
Case Study: Rick, a Drug Addict     482
Classes of Drugs     485
Doctors Behind Bars     486
Racism and the Drug Laws     486
History of Drugs Abuse Legislation     488
Reefer Madness     492
The Addict and the Law     494
Arguments For and Against Decriminalization      496
Extent and Trends in Drug Trafficking     498
Country and Profile     502
Summary and Conclusion     512
Discussion Questions     513
Suggested Websites     513
Endnotes     513
The Sex Trade     516
Introduction     517
Case Study: Sandy, a Prostitute     517
Prostitution Defined     520
Types of Prostitutes     521
Prostitutes and the Law     521
Addiction and Prostitution     522
Drug Addiction, Pimps, and Prostitution in Israel     523
Police Abuse of Prostitutes     523
"Baby Pros" and the Cycle of Victimization     525
Sex Trafficking of Women in the United States     525
Sex Traffic Incidents in the United States     526
New Types of Prostitution     527
"John School" in Toronto     532
Pornography Defined     533
Types of Pornography     534
Pornography and Violence     535
Porn Profits Go Mainstream     541
Country Profiles     542
Summary and Conclusion     553
Discussion Questions     554
Suggested Websites      555
Endnotes     555
White-Collar Crime     557
Introduction     558
Albert, an Embezzler     558
James, an Identity Thief     559
Definition     561
Types of White-Collar Crime     563
Edelhertz's Types of White-Collar Crime     563
Barnett's Typology of White-Collar Crime     565
Definitions of White-Collar Crime     565
Theory     566
White-Collar Criminal Enterprises     570
Detecting Signs of Antitrust Violations     573
Advance Fee Swindle     585
Country Profile: The United Arab Emirates     602
Advance Fee Fraud-Yousif Abdullah Fahad, UAE (2006)     608
Summary and Conclusion     609
Discussion Questions     611
Suggested Websites     611
Endnotes     611
Terrorism     615
Introduction     616
Case Study: Ismail Abu Shanab, a Terrorist     616
When White-Collar Crime Becomes Political Crime     618
Iran-Contra Affair     622
Terrorism Defined     625
Extent and Trends in Terrorism     627
Types of Terrorists      629
Police Terrorism in Sri Lanka     629
When Rape Is Terrorism     630
Profiling Terrorists     632
The CIA's "Operation Cyclone" and Osama bin Laden     634
Theories of Terrorism     636
The Drug Trade and al-Qaeda     636
Terrorism in Lebanon     637
Measurement of Terrorism     638
Testing the Theories     638
Prevention and Control of Terrorism     639
Belgium: The Epicenter of Terrorism in Europe     640
Country Profile: Turkey     641
International Red Cross Report on Torture     645
Does Terrorism Work?     645
USA Patriot Act     646
Worst Case Scenario     650
How the Drug Trade Sponsored Terrorism in Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan     650
Summary and Conclusion     651
Discussion Questions     652
Suggested Websites     653
Endnotes     653
Glossary     657
References     679
Index     749