Physics Book

Contents

Applications in the Text    xxi

Preface: To the Instructor   xxv

Preface: To the Student    xxxix

Guide to Features of the Text xl

1 Introduction to Physics 1

1-1 Physics and the Laws of Nature   2

1-2 Units of Length, Mass, and Time 2

1-3 Dimensional Analysis 4  

1-4 Significant Figures 5

1-5 Converting Units 8

1-6 Order-of-Magnitude Calculations 10

1-7 Scalars and Vectors   11

1-8 Problem Solving in Physics 11

  Chapter Summary 13

  Conceptual Questions   14

  Conceptual Exercises   14

  Problems 14

 PART I   MECHANICS

2 One-Dimensional Kinematics   17

2-1 Position, Distance, and Displacement    18

2-2 Average Speed and Velocity 19

2-3 Instantaneous Velocity    23

2-4 Acceleration 25

2-5 Motion with Constant Acceleration  29

2-6 Applications of the Equations of Motion   35

2-7 Freely Falling Objects   37

  Chapter Summary 43

  Problem-Solving Summary 45

  Conceptual Questions   46

  Conceptual Exercises   46

  Problems    47

3 Vectors in Physics    57

3-1 Scalars Versus Vectors    58

3-2 The Components of a Vector    58

3-3 Adding and Subtracting Vectors   63

3-4 Unit Vectors   66

3-5 Position, Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration Vectors 67   

3-6 Relative Motion   71

ChapterSummary 73

Problem-Solving Summary 74

Conceptual Questions   74

Conceptual Exercises   75

Problems 75

4 Two-Dimensional Kinematics   81

4-1 Motion in Two Dimensions   82

4-2 Projectile Motion: Basic Equations  85

4-3 Zero Launch Angle 86

4-4 General Launch Angle 91

4-5 Projective Motion: Key Characteristics 95

  Chapter Summary 99

  Problem-Solving Summary 101

  Conceptual Questions   101

  Conceptual Exercises   102

  Problems    103

5 Newton’s Laws of Motion    109

5-1 Force and Mass   110

5-2 Newton’s First Law of Motion    110

5-3 Newton’s Second Law of Motion   112

5-4 Newton’s Third Law of Motion 120

5-5 The Vector Nature of Forces: Forces in Two Dimensions 123

5-6 Weight 126

5-7 Normal Forces 130

Chapter Summary 134

  Problem-Solving Summary 135

  Conceptual Questions   135

  Conceptual Exercises   137

  Problems    138

6 Applications of Newton’s Laws   143

6-1 Frictional Forces 144

6-2 Strings and Springs    152

6-3 Translational Equilibrium 156

6-4 Connected Objects    160

6-5 Circular Motion    164

  Chapter Summary 169

  Problem-Solving Summary 170

  Conceptual Questions   170

  Conceptual Exercises   171

  Problems    172

7 Work and Kinetic Energy 179

7-1 Work Done by a Constant Force   180

7-2 Kinetic Energy and the Work-Energy Theorem    186

7-3 Work Done by a Variable Force   190

7-4 Power   195

  Chapter Summary 197

  Problem-Solving Summary 198

  Conceptual Questions   199

  Conceptual Exercises   199

  Problems    200

8 Potential Energy and Conservation of Energy   205

8-1 Conservative and Nonconservative Forces 206

8-2 Potential Energy and the Work Done by Conservative Forces    209

8-3 Conservation of Mechanical Energy 215

8-4 Work Done by Nonconservative Forces   223

8-5 Potential Energy Curves and Equipotentials    228

  Chapter Summary 231

  Problem-Solving Summary 232

  Conceptual Questions   232

  Conceptual Exercises   233

  Problems    234

9 Linear Momentum and Collisions   241

9-1 Linear Momentum 242

9-2 Momentum and Newton’s Second Law 244

9-3 Impulse   245

9-4 Conservation of Linear Momentum    249

9-5 Inelastic Collisions   254

9-6 Elastic Collisions 260

9-7 Center of Mass    265

*9-8  Systems with Changing Mass: Rocket Propulsion 270

  Chapter Summary 272

  Problem-Solving Summary 274

  Conceptual Questions   274

  Conceptual Exercises   275

  Problems    276

10   Rotational Kinematics and Energy    283

10-1  Angular Position, Velocity, and Acceleration 284

10-2  Rotational Kinematics   288

10-3  Connections Between Linear and Rotational Quantities 291

10-4  Rolling Motion   296

10-5  Rotational Kinetic Energy and the Moment of Inertia    297

10-6  Conservation of Energy 301

Chapter Summary 306

  Problem-Solving Summary 308

  Conceptual Questions   309

  Conceptual Exercises   309

  Problems    310

11   Rotational Dynamics and Static Equilibrium   317

11-1  Torque 318

11-2  Torque and Angular Acceleration 321

11-3  Zero Torque and Static Equilibrium    325

11-4  Center of Mass and Balance  332

11-5  Dynamic Applications of Torque   335

11-6  Angular Momentum   337

11-7  Conservation of Angular Momentum 340

11-8  Rotational Work and Power   345

*11-9     The Vector Nature of Rotational Motion    346

  Chapter Summary 348

  Problem-Solving Summary 350

  Conceptual Questions   350

  Conceptual Exercises   350

  Problems    352

12   Gravity 360

12-1  Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation   361

12-2  Gravitational Attraction of Spherical Bodies    364

12-3  Kepler’s Laws of Orbital Motion    369

12-4 Gravitational Potential Energy   376

12-5  Energy Conservation    379

*12-6     Tides 386

  Chapter Summary 388

  Problem-Solving Summary 390

  Conceptual Questions   390

  Conceptual Exercises   390

  Problems    391

13   Oscillations About Equilibrium    396

13-1  Periodic Motion   397

13-2  Simple Harmonic Motion 398

13-3  Connections Between Uniform Circular Motion and Simple Harmonic Motion    401

13-4  The Period of a Mass on a Spring   407

13-5  Energy Conservation in Oscillatory Motion 411

13-6  The Pendulum 414

13-7  Damped Oscillations 420

13-8  Driven Oscillations and Resonance 421

  Chapter Summary 423

  Problem-Solving Summary 425

  Conceptual Questions   425

  Conceptual Exercises   426

  Problems    427

14   Waves and Sound 433

14-1    Types of Waves 434

14-2    Waves on a String 436

*14-3     Harmonic Wave Functions   439

14-4    Sound Waves   440

14-5    Sound Intensity   444

14-6    The Doppler Effect    449

14-7    Superposition and Interference   455

14-8    Standing Waves 458

14-9    Beats   466

Chapter Summary 468

  Problem-Solving Summary 470

  Conceptual Questions   470

  Conceptual Exercises   470  

  Problems 471  

15    Fluids 479

15-1    Density   480

15-2    Pressure    480

15-3    Static Equilibrium in Fluids: Pressure and Depth   484

15-4    Archimedes’ Principle and Buoyancy    489

15-5    Applications of Archimedes’ Principle     491

15-6    Fluid Flow and Continuity   496

15-7    Bernoulli’s Equation   498

15-8    Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation    501

*15-9     Viscosity and Surface Tension   504

  Chapter Summary 507

  Problem-Solving Summary    509

  Conceptual Questions   509  

  Conceptual Exercises   510  

  Problems    511

 PART II  THERMAL PHYSICS

16 Temperature and Heat 517

16-1    Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics    518

16-2    Temperature Scales   519

16-3    Thermal Expansion   523

16-4    Heat and Mechanical Work    529

16-5    Specific Heats 531

16-6    Conduction, Convection, and Radiation    534

Chapter Summary 542

  Problem-Solving Summary    544

  Conceptual Questions   544  

  Conceptual Exercises   545  

  Problems   546  

17 Phases and Phase Changes    551

17-1    Ideal Gases 552

17-2    Kinetic Theory 558

17-3    Solids and Elastic Deformation    563

17-4    Phase Equilibrium and Evaporation    568

17-5    Latent Heats    574

17-6    Phase Changes and Energy Conservation   577

Chapter Summary    579

  Problem-Solving Summary    581

  Conceptual Questions   581

  Conceptual Exercises   582

  Problems    582

18 The Laws of Thermodynamics 588

18-1    The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics    589

18-2    The First Law of Thermodynamics 589

18-3    Thermal Processes    594

18-4  Specific Heats for an Ideal Gas: Constant Pressure, Constant Volume  599  

18-5    The Second Law of Thermodynamics   603

18-6    Heat Engines and the Carnot Cycle    603

18-7    Refrigerators, Air Conditioners, and Heat Pumps    607

18-8    Entropy   611

18-9    Order, Disorder, and Entropy   615

18-10   The Third Law of Thermodynamics 617

Chapter Summary 618

  Problem-Solving Summary    620

  Conceptual Questions   620

  Conceptual Exercises   621

  Problems    622

 PART III ELECTROMAGNETISM

 19   Electric Charges, Forces, and Fields    625

19-1  Electric Charge    626

19-2  Insulators and Conductors   629

19-3  Coulomb’s Law    630

19-4  The Electric Field    637

19-5  Electric Field Lines   643

19-6  Shielding and Charging by Induction 646

19-7  Electric Flux and Gauss’s Law   649

  Chapter Summary 653

  Problem-Solving Summary    654

  Conceptual Questions   655

  Conceptual Exercises   655

  Problems    657

 20   Electric Potential and Electric Potential Energy  662

20-1  Electric Potential Energy and the Electric Potential 663

20-2  Energy Conservation    666

20-3  The Electric Potential of Point Charges 669

20-4  Equipotential Surfaces and the Electric Field   673

20-5  Capacitors and Dielectrics   677

20-6  Electrical Energy Storage    683

  Chapter Summary 685

  Problem-Solving Summary    687

  Conceptual Questions   687

  Conceptual Exercises   688

  Problems    689

 21   Electric Current and Direct-Current Circuits   695

21-1  Electric Current   696

21-2  Resistance and Ohm’s Law    702

21-3  Energy and Power in Electric Circuits    705

21-4  Resistors in Series and Parallel 708

21-5  Kirchoff’s Rules   714

21-6  Circuits Containing Capacitors 717

21-7  RC Circuits 720

*21-8   Anmeters and Voltmeters    723

Chapter Summary 724

  Problem-Solving Summary 726

  Conceptual Questions   727

  Conceptual Exercises   727

  Problems    729

 22   Magnetism 735

21-1  The Magnetic Field    736

22-2  The Magnetic Force on Moving Charges  738

22-3  The Motion of Charged Particles in a Magnetic Field 742

22-4    The Magnetic Force Exerted on a Current-Carrying Wire 747

22-5  Loops of Current and Magnetic Torque 749

22-6  Electric Currents, Magnetic Fields, and Ampère’s Law 751

22-7  Current Loops and Solenoids    755

22-8  Magnetism in Matter    758

Chapter Summary 760

  Problem-Solving Summary 763

  Conceptual Questions   763

  Conceptual Exercises   763

  Problems 765

 23   Magnetic Flux and Faraday’s Law of Induction 771

23-1  Induced Electromotive Force    772

23-2  Magnetic Flux   773

23-3  Faraday’s Law of Induction   775

23-4  Lenz’s Law 778

23-5  Mechanical Work and Electrical Energy   781

23-6  Generators and Motors    784

23-7  Inductance    787

23-8  RL Circuits 790

23-9  Energy Stored in a Magnetic Field 791

23-10   Transformers 793

Chapter Summary 796

  Problem-Solving Summary 798

  Conceptual Questions   798

  Conceptual Exercises   799

  Problems 800

 24   Alternating-Current Circuits   806

24-1  Alternating Voltages and Currents 807

24-2  Capacitors in AC Circuits    812

24-3  RC Circuits 815

24-4  Inductors in AC Circuits   820

24-5  RLC Circuits   823

24-6  Resonance in Electrical Circuits    827

Chapter Summary 832

  Problem-Solving Summary 834

  Conceptual Questions   834

  Conceptual Exercises   864

  Problems 835

 PART IV LIGHT AND OPTICS   25   Electromagnetic Waves

25-1    The Production of Electromagnetic Waves

25-2    The Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves

25-3    The Electromagnetic Spectrum

25-4    Energy and Momentum in Electromagnetic Waves

25-5    Polarization

Chapter Summary 760

  Problem-Solving Summary 763

  Conceptual Questions   763

  Conceptual Exercises   763

  Problems 765

 26 Geometrical Optics

26-1    The Reflection of Light

26-2    Forming Images with a Plane Mirror

26-3  Spherical Mirrors

26-4  Ray Tracing and the Mirror Equation

26-5    The Refraction of Light

26-6    Ray Tracing for Lenses

26-7    The Thin-Lens Equation

26-8    Dispersion and the Rainbow

Chapter Summary 760

  Problem-Solving Summary 763

  Conceptual Questions   763

  Conceptual Exercises   763

  Problems 765

 27 Optical Instruments

27-1    The Human Eye and the Camera

27-2    Lenses in Combination and Corrective Optics

27-3    The Magnifying Glass

27-4    The Compound Microscope

27-5    Telescopes

27-6    Lens Aberrations

Chapter Summary 760

  Problem-Solving Summary 763

  Conceptual Questions   763

  Conceptual Exercises   763

  Problems 765

 28 Physical Optics: Interference and Diffraction

28-1    Superposition and Interference

28-2    Young’s Two-Slit Experiment

28-3    Interference in Reflected Waves

28-4    Diffraction

28-5    Resolution

28-6    Diffraction Gratings

Chapter Summary 760

  Problem-Solving Summary 763

  Conceptual Questions   763

  Conceptual Exercises   763

  Problems 765

 PART V  MODERN PHYSICS

 29 Relativity

29-1    The Postulates of Special Relativity

29-2    The Relativity of Time and Time Dilation

29-3    The Relativity of Length and Length Contraction

29-4    The Relativistic Addition of Velocities

29-5    Relativistic Momentum

29-6    Relativistic Energy and E = mc²

29-7    The Relativistic Universe

29-8    General Relativity

Chapter Summary 760

  Problem-Solving Summary 763

  Conceptual Questions   763

  Conceptual Exercises   763

  Problems 765

 30 Quantum Physics

30-1    Blackbody Radiation and Planck’s Hypothesis of Quantized Energy

30-2    Photons and the Photoelectric Effect

30-3    The Mass and Momentum of a Photos

30-4    Photon Scattering and the Compton Effect

30-5    The de Broglie Hypothesis and Wave-Particle Duality

30-6    The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

30-7    Quantum Tunneling

Chapter Summary 760

  Problem-Solving Summary 763

  Conceptual Questions   763

  Conceptual Exercises   763

  Problems 765

 31 Atomic Physics

31-1    Early Models of the Atom

31-2    The Spectrum of Atomic Hydrogen

31-3    Bohr’s Model of the Hydrogen Atom

31-4    de Broglie Waves and the Bohr Model

31-5    The Quantum Mechanical Hydrogen Atom

31-6    Multielectron Atoms and the Periodic Table

31-7    Atomic Radiation

Chapter Summary 760

  Problem-Solving Summary 763

  Conceptual Questions   763

  Conceptual Exercises   763

  Problems 765

 32 Nuclear Physics and Nuclear Radiation

32-1    The Constituents and Structure of Nuclei

32-2    Radioactivity

32-3    Half-Life and Radioactive Dating

32-4    Nuclear Binding Energy

32-5    Nuclear Fission

32-6    Nuclear Fusion

32-7    Practical Applications of Nuclear Physics

32-8    Elementary Particles

32-9    Unified Forces and Cosmology

Chapter Summary 760

  Problem-Solving Summary 763

  Conceptual Questions   763

  Conceptual Exercises   763

  Problems 765

 Appendices

Appendix A

Basic Mathematical Tools    A-1

Appendix B

Typical Values A-11

Appendix C

Planetary Data    A-12

Appendix D

Elements of Electrical Circuits A-13

Appendix E

Periodic Table of the Elements A-14

Appendix F

Properties of Selected Isotopes    A-15

Answers to Your Turn Problems   ANS-1

Answers to Odd-Numbered Conceptual Questions   ANS-21

Answers to Odd-Numbered Conceptual Exercises    ANS-28

Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems    ANS-35

Photo Credits    P-1

Index I-1